Foundation of Social Studies Companion
Public knowledge on man, family, community (society), country, nation and state are at stake on this study. To understand its notion about the peculiar culture of the different, places, peoples and events. Acknowledging the role of the different field of specialization such as: geographer (geography-earth & its interaction); geologist (geology-earth & its solidification); archaeologist (archaeology-diggings); anthropologist (anthropology – fossilizations – paleontologist – identification of fossils); sociologist (sociology – society); historian (history – its interaction to past, present & future events); political scientist (power & power struggle); economist (use of resources) and other allied sciences (body of knowledge) serves as the turning point of all information in the study.
Lastly, virtual research, surfing, saving, encoding,
decoding, downloading, uploading, teleconferencing, voice recording,
intellectual migration through importation and exportation of insightful ideas, virtual conversation, the
utilization on the multimedia infrastructure facility and the
internationalization on human investment to fastrack the needed information
from a distance was made. Thus, below is the detailed
on these different perspectives and framework of the social studies outcomes-based learning was made
ready for the beginners in social studies.
Short title:
Foundation on Social Studies
Introduction
Social studies literarily mean as the study of the different social sciences
discipline that deals on the physical, human
environment and its interaction in the home of mankind. This study does not
limit to society but includes
interaction of time, space and circumstances. The study as the foundation of social studies it touches a little thing of
everything about man, family, community, country, culture, time and continuity,
land, peoples and events, the use of power, trend and issues, places and
landscape, changing climate, distribution of population, mobility, natality,
mortality rates, morbidity, the national economy and patrimony of the nation,
the environment and social justice, integration on ASEANs and the changing
world in the midst of globalization and internationalization. Likewise, details
are mentioned below.
Man
Man is the center of all interaction in the society.
He was created rational by God with Body and Soul gifted with intelligence and free-will. He made himself
as the “climax of creation.” The rationality of “man”
made “him” superior
to other form of animal. He possessed reason which
God created Man to be His partner
of creation. The continuing creation in his “holy body and soul” made man communitarian and
a social animal. He forms a family, community and country not isolatable.
Gifted with “intelligence and free-will” made him/her sociable and communicable
to God and the outside world of his being. The “all knowing God” understand
time, space and circumstances beyond man’s sensual
capability. Capable of identifying right and wrong (intelligence); bad and good (free-will) made him/her superior to
any other creature. Man was created by the all-knowing God
“beyond of the beyond.”
Man continue living on earth as dwelling place and transform the
learning environment. Search the final meaning and made “human existence.”
“Adapted” earth as home of mankind with corporate partnership as
responsibility. Take the body form in the “guise” of being “a person.” Acted as teacher by profession with
individuality. Carrying name as registered in the civil registry. Name after
the adaptability. His/her
“body” is subject
to “corruptibility.” Made man
subject to “decay” as organic
substance remain its “form.” Subject to “death” in the form of “life
secession” from “flesh”
of the body. This “life form” becomes evident
on the “act of potency”
as called scientifically as “energy.” Meaning,
the capability of movement made by the body assume its “life is form.” Man was born,
alive, living and has its life (Galgonovicz, 2019).
Man, as a teacher brings identity as a person possessing “life form” inspired by the “outside world.” Communicated distant from the body in the form of “energy.” This energy gets inside the body in the form of potency. This gives life to the organic body to sustain until its secession to decay. Thus, this “energy” the “inorganic substance found in the individuality as a teacher gives life form to a person. Man continuing search for human perfection as this “energy” continuously sustains the bodily nature serving the “cask” of “energy” gives “life form” its shape and existence to become Man (Meinwald, 2019).
In the other lens of looking at, the organic body of a teacher as a person is no different to other person who has the organic body which composed of the following essential system: 1) skeletal system; 2) muscular system; 3) cardiovascular system; 4) digestive system; 5) endocrine system; 6) nervous system; 7) respiratory system; 8) immune/Lymphatic system; 9) urinary system; 10)female reproductive system; 11) male reproductive system; 12) integumentary system
; 13) and other relative
functional system in the body.
This means teachers
are not “special” in terms of their “body forms
and substance” (Rettner, 2016). The encounters of sadness and happiness the same to no one.
A teacher deserves to be treated like anybody else.
While
revisiting the inorganic substance found in the body of a teacher
as a person which no difference to others are: 1) An inorganic compound is a substance not contain both carbon and hydrogen. A
great many inorganic
compounds do contain hydrogen atoms,
such as water (H2O) and the hydrochloric acid (HCl) produced
by the stomach. In contrast,
only a handful of inorganic compounds contain carbon atoms. Carbon dioxide
(CO2) is one of the few examples. Inorganic compounds essential to life: water, salts, acids, and bases
(Rettner, 2016).
Several Related Review of Literature and Studies (RRLS)
revealed 70 to 85 percent
of an adult’s body weight is
water. Thus, if one can transform this water into “favor” or “esteem” is
something in the body to transform other network of the human organ to produce
“inorganic” materials needed in the
body. This water is contained both within the cells
and between the cells that make up tissues and organs. Its
several roles make water indispensable to human function. No doubt that the
transformation of man is always possible. As we transform water into esteem in the form of an energy levitation or buoyancy is
always happening. Thus, trained teacher as a person made theory “impossible” as
“possible.”
The organic (body) and the inorganic (life) substances found in the teacher as a person are also found to the non-teacher individual. Sadness and happiness received by one enjoyed by all. As one enjoys the “gift” of “intelligence” and “free-will,” matter a lot in terms of our attached independent” and “dependent” variables within our “individuality” as our cultural environment and heredity form our unique individuality. E.g. gender, civil, political, religious, education and our socioeconomic status made our “individuality” different. Much as we want to be a “male” but we are born “female.” That’s the reason we are in our “female” state of “physical being” yet our emotion is “male.” As environment develops this nature, we have created unique being in our “identity.” That is the reason that LGBTQIA+ was born. To balance these unique creatures in us, “respect” is the key word. Compassion is the “gate-way.” Understanding is our journey.
Thus, made a teacher excel other counterpart such variables are: 1) Someone who imparts knowledge; 2) Someone with management qualities; 3) Someone who empowers; 4) Someone who is a great learner and never stops in searching the truth; 5) Someone who helps others to have new experiences; 6) Someone who is the agent of change; 7) Someone who is a good role model; 8) Someone who is an initiator; 9) Someone who is a coordinator of people and resources; 10) Someone who can support learning in different environments; 11) Someone who is an administrator who leads with charisma; 12) Someone who is an authority as government representative; 13) Someone who is a policy maker and formulate legislative measures; 14) Someone who is working in formal and non-formal education settings; 15) Someone responsible for the well-being of the pupils who is a dreamer and searcher for truth; 16) Someone guiding and supporting children under the “parens patria” (https ://www.healthline.com › human-body).
This Man as a person has the individuality to human emptiness, longing the multifarious human needs in the learning environment of the child. Articulated the needs of the community and lobby to legislation. A leader whose charisma change to reality. Teacher’s personality (flesh) and attitude (spirit) seen holistically as a person. Highly regarded person “in flesh” and “in spirit” but destructible.
Family (Humane Vitae; Gaudium et spes; mater et magistra)
www.researchgate.net › publication › 318060811_Family_structure_and
www.researchgate.net › publication › 272895506_The_Family_and_Fa.
repository.upenn.edu › cgi › viewcontent › article=1023
www.purdue.edu › hhs › hdfs › fii › wp-content › uploads › 2015/07
Discourses from different RRLS on different field of expertise about man revealed that man is the partner of God’s creation, made him a co-creator. In the making of man, God is not alone in His creation. He shares this corporate world of “responsibility.” “Man” and “Woman” literally mean as “boy” and “girl”/ “male” and “female” according to their “sexual role.” It means biological sexes has “inequality role.” The “human bodily organs explains who they are.” However, in their social role “masculinity and feminity” dictates equality. Meaning in our social responsibility all are created equal because we are created “beyond to our being.” Thus, family in this context become the basic unit in the society. It controls the “equal social responsibility” on the division of labor. Now, marriage becomes an institution that institutionalize individual action of “social role.” This means, “relationship” dictates the role to play in the “union.”
However, marriage (civil – the legally or formally
recognized union of two person as partners in a personal relationship) of two
person biologically in “union and communion.” Therefore, offspring or siblings
is needed. To beget children
is the sexual role of a married
couple. The biological need
of the member must be met. And the
social need also must be met too. The companionship and belongingness are
social act that “no man is an island.” Thus, man goes beyond the call on their
passion the “ability” to “procreate” is a “response” on the nature
psychologically, sociologically and
biologically. Conditioned by the
“norms,” they are living in the social
cell of the society. Thus,
emptiness, fear and other variables made them
stronger in a “bond.” In the
civil context, marriage is only a
“partnership” and “personal relationship”
bound with “contract.” And therefore, marriage
from this end become dispensable, revocable, renewable
can be separated for man joint them together.
Generally, marriage is breakable.
However, as claimed by the community of the believer (Church) it is the “union & communion” of one man and one woman in order to form a family (Aquinas, 2018). Thus, “union & communion” born to have the “family” as the “father” and “mother” are living together (ILY– I Love You) with a bond of relationship. Therefore, without offspring or siblings that ties (bond) them together time comes that the social cell (man & woman) will break away because they are treated this social cell as “couples.” That is the reason that many of the marriage couples did not sustain their bond. Likewise, the church argued that marriage is more than a “contract” because as one commits to other, there “calling” or “they are invoking the intercession to whom they believed.
So, by that end “sacramental” act comes in. Meaning, that there is an “energy”
or “power” that “anoint” the two
“being.” The call of social
“responsibility” to the member of the family are the
individual “obligation” that bound them together.
Likewise, it needs to possessed the virtue of life in the political community
for the survival of the humanity.
The family is a fragile perfect society
(presence of man and woman) and the desire to safeguard the natural existence. Her existence created
the following essential
elements: 1) leader,
2) member, 3) authority, 4) Vision, Mission,
Goals and Objectives (VMGOs), and lastly,
she has the 5) means to attain those
VMGOs. As she continuous to raise children
to be upright and morally virtuous human beings ... without
the help of human law and government (Thomas
Aquinas - Summa Theologiae). All effort
and direction of “thinking,” behaving, feeling and “doing”
made by the member of the family are directed
towards “common good is a good that is one in
number and is able to be shared by many
without being diminished” (Aquinas,
2018).
The family exist even without the support of any institution. The presence of the five (5) essential elements for her existence is enough for the
family to exist. Thus, the indissolubility of marriage would become beneficial when marriage becomes
unbreakable. And the following reasons are: (1) security both husband and wife
enjoy; (2) mutual fidelity and help; (3) domestic social peace and order; (4) the procreation of children and (5) their good upbringing would help the
strengthening of the basic unit in the society.
However, divorce has a negative effect
on marriage. And the following reasons are: (1) instability and insecurity in the lives of the spouses; (2) infidelity; (3) limitation of offspring; (4) lack of proper upbringing of the
children; (5) disruption of the
family life and lastly, (6) creates social disorder. These are circumstantial
interference created by “man” in order to “fill-up” the “gaps” created
by them in the beginning. That is the reason that getting into marriage long range preparation is needed. The getting
to know each other is indispensable. Take note, if one cannot stand independently don’t get someone to be dependent
otherwise, you’re a liability.
To sustain the family life it need a
home atmosphere that is: (1) truly Christian; (2) the intelligent authority on the part of the father and loving care on the part of the mother;
(3) docility on the part of the children;
(4) intelligent and constant efforts
by everyone to promote the material
Community
www.researchgate.net › publication › 312186833_Understanding_Com..
www.researchgate.net › publication › 11630209_What_Is_Community
ocw.jhsph.edu › SocialBehavioralFoundations › PDF journals.sagepub.com › doi › abs
After knowing the communitarian character of an individual person, let me introduce to you how society work in the systemic behavior of man. Since, society composed of man and was created in the presence of group of people living together with a common interest, idealism, aspiration and sentiment (where family is a member of this community or society). The latin vulgate “communare” (putting together as one) would mean “oneness.” So, one cannot make an island because man was created not to be isolated but to form a community. Though they are not perfect society but with the help of the family it can fill-in the gaps. They cannot provide their own needs. Though “Man” and “woman,” “boy” and “girl,” “male” and “female” are present in the community. Their job, work and services filled-up the individual “gifts” and “richness.” They’ve exchanged their land, labor, capital, utility and services while living in a productive community/society The community foster common direction. They live together in common norms. They value system adopted by the community taken from individual systemic behavior. Every individual life cell of practices, and belief system form in their locale. They have shared a common Vision (Panlantaw), Mission (Tahas) and goals (Katuyuan) (VMGs). They value system instilled, inculcated and fostered in accordance to the inhabitants. The act of patriotism, nationalism, civic and vocational efficiency are cemented in the bond of “relationship.” The essential elements of the community/society are present such as: 1) leader, 2) member, 3) authority, 4) objectives and 5) means to attain are present in the community. These are the carry- over of an individual membership. Their action and decision-making are coming from their beginning. The reason for this because the intelligence of the member is coming from HIS creator the “omnipresence.” Thus, nothing belongs to man because everything belongs to Him (Creator).
Thus, one live in the political life in the “body politic.” So, he becomes the product of the political institution in the politics of the govern. By this reason, there are action made “political” and action made “politic.” In the organization/institution all system goes according to their “mandates.” But one need to “lobby” in order to be institutionalize. By now, let me introduce to you the role of the country in the making of his territorial home as made “political” and “politic.” Are you ready for this journey? Why do we need to define our territorial home? Is it necessary to demarcate our territory despite on the essence of our borderless society? So, come with me and be my “tour” guide in this journey. Come! And be apolitical.
Country
www.researchgate.net › publication › 51452838_Family_Policies_in_O
A country is purely a “place of abode” by an individual. It was defined by its territory
where individual inhabitants are doing their socio-economic-political life.
They have their own beginning on the making of their own place of abode. It was made as it was because
they empower the landscape to
be their identity. Empowering it as a “political” state or nation or its
territory. A country may be an
independent sovereign state or part
of a larger state, as a non-sovereign or formerly sovereign political division,
or a geographic region associated with sets of previously independent or differently associated people with distinct
political characteristics. Therefore, state exist also “politically” because
it constituted 1) territory, 2) people, 3) government, 4) Sovereignty
and 5) recognition and Nation is cultural concept
of country all together are present.
A “country”
as a state “politically” define as a community of person more or less numerous
permanently occupying a definite portion of territory independent of external
control possessing an organized government to which the great body of
inhabitants render habitual obedience. Thus, nation exists as a country culturally
exist due to the presence of statutes, aspirations, idealism, sentiments,
common language and literature. There is a country known as state not as a nation
and vice-a-versa. A nation not necessarily known as a state. This would mean “cultural player or actor interplay
on the making of a country to become a nation.
Thus, a country, a nation and a state emphasizes duty and nobility of work for everyone, and to establish norms to regulate labor – management relations; establish laws and institutions to settle labor-management disputes by favoring equitable balance, peace and class cooperation; strive for the social climate conform to law and order; strengthen spiritual and moral forces; promote the two (2) aspect (individual and social) of ownership to encourage small industries and crafts, to foster profit-sharing; regulate the work of women and children with regard to moral environment, hygiene and the suitability of the occupations; secure for all workers sufficient wages to support themselves and their families and suitable hours, working condition and place of work; provide social insurance, assistance, professional training, contingency funds, mutual and associations, cooperative, etc..
Now, knowing the complexities of a “country,”
“nation,” and “state” this time we’re already seen where culture interplay from
our “political and historical lens of discourses.” Set back and relax! And, let
me brings you to an in-depth understand about the place where we are living
too.
NATURE, HISTORY, PHILOSOPHICAL AND THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE
Culture
www.researchgate.net › 240706335_The_Meaning_of_Culture
warwick.ac.uk › interculturalskills › global_pad_-_what_is_culture
www.rug.nl › research › publications › researchreports › reports ›
As we’ve known man, family, community and country are the proactive player in the accommodation, acculturation, amalgamation and diffusion of “culture.” It is a public knowledge that culture interplay to customs, arts, social institutions, organization and achievements of a particular nation, people, or other social group. “Culture” as a way of life contribute a unique personality of an individual. It is a unique possession of man (tangible or intangible). In our study about man, family, society and country or any aspect becomes incomplete without proper understanding of “sociocultural” and “anthropological perspective of “man” in the “society.”
Thus, it reflects the climax
in “cultural development” of certain glocal
landscape (Global & Local). As the study
explores culture not “genetic” or “racial.” Culture as seen from the cultural lens is a “product of human being interaction of place, time, space, location and
circumstances.” It is observable in man, family, society and country through language, religion, arts and style, customs, morality, cuisine
(menu), tastes and standard
of beauty, family structures and notions of kinship, attitude towards sex and gender, attitude towards property and attitudes
towards the boundaries of the self. These are researchable variables. So,
it can be a potential quali-quanti research materials. Can “time” be researchable variable too? So,
please wait and relax.
Time
www.researchgate.net › 263104630_A_simple_definition_of_Time
www.researchgate.net › publication › 305920946_THEORY_OF_TI
www.fisica.net › relatividade › stephen_hawking_a_brief_history_of_
www.princeton.edu › ~fraassen
As we know the role of culture in our day to day daily
life, “time” interplay this human activity as seen from the social studies
lens. We sometimes neglected the indefinite continued progress of existence and events
in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole. This would simply mean that the happening
during the events
“indefinitely continued progress of existence.”
Therefore, the study use “time” from the lens of social studies
as measured by “distance.”
Thus, the navigational and orbiting
satellites used by the GPS (Global Positioning System) system
experience significantly less gravity than the Earth’s surface, and are also
moving very fast, so that the time distortion effects
will be measured. Therefore, we value time because of the distance effect to one’s own life. It
could never be the same yesterday, today and
tomorrow. So, our stay in the place,
time, space, location and circumstances are
measured according to the element of time.
Thus, those who are living in the different place, time, space, location and circumstances “in,” “on,” “of,” “at,” “for,”
“with,” “by,” zonal positioning of the earth through the Global Information System (GIS) measured
according to the longitude and latitude line east, west, north and south orbiting location.
Thus, our position, location and mobility are
determined by “time.” E.g. December 12,
2019 – Philippines Thursday 11:09am: ; December 11, 2019 New York Wednesday 22:09: - December 12, 2019 London Thursday
03:10: - Thursday 12, 2019 Tokyo
12:11 a matter of seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, years in our variation of time
are within the span intervene by space like the area occupied or the territorial landscape (glacial, etc.). Those who are
living in the tropical area are not the same in the torrid zone which hot summers, cold winters and large annual ranges of temperature
are observable. This time, time has
an essence that cause the mobility, natality, morbidity and mortality. There
are people who live, wears, prepares their food
menus and etc performing their lifestyle differently given of place, time, space, location and circumstances to
where they are. We’ve our individual differences because of heredity and environment.
Our environment surroundings makes-up our total personality. Thus, even we’re
build by our genetic engineering but the building can be reinvented and
reengineered through time, space, place, location and circumstances. E.g. the rise on the issue about gender sensitivity.
Please wait for the continuity effect of time. Set back and relax. See you ahead, as you walk-way in your academic journey of time and continuity.
Continuity
page.mi.fu-berlin.de › shagnik › notes › continuity
web.ntpu.edu.tw › ~ccw › calculus › Chapter_01 › Page61-71
www.kkuniyuk.com › CalcBook › CalcNotes0201
As time effect
to our behavior/manner of thinking, feeling and acting,
let us not forget that our
“rationality” continuously communicating different energies around us. Let me brings you to
the continuity effect.
RRLS explained that it is the unbroken
and consistent existence
or operation of something
over a period of time both change and continuity in childhood as structural
space, to see being the source of diversities
and commonality that pattern
children’s everyday lives. In this instance, life would be meaningful because
of the continuity effect.
Our works as our individual person ends life continuous its cycles from east to west, north to south and from edge to edge life
continues its eternity. Individual person dies (attached to his/her
individuality) life continuous (beyond his being). This would be intervened
through development as the process of growth and change as humans go through
the different stages or level of maturity. See for example rally, strike,
demonstration before is an effective tool or machinery in earing and
ventilating our grievances, many dies and lay their lives for “justice.” Their
life ends as an individual person
but their “cause” / “life” continuous in the
contemporary “fight” for justice. There is a change and development in the
contemporary world of “fighting” justice using the “multimedia infrastructure.”
The earing, ventilating and denouncing of grievances becoming more glocal (global
and local). No more rally, strike and demonstration are observable in the
area which are made particular or
singular where the issue single out only in a
certain time, space, place, location
and circumstances but using the herding and mushrooming of the
multimedia infrastructure the whole world
will know in a matter
of place, time,
space, location and circumstances. This is because on the issue of
“decay.”
On the one hand, continuity theory says “development
is gradual, continuous process.” On the other hand, the discontinuity theory says “development occurs in a series of distinct stages, it never stops but continue in a different direction.” Thus,
continuity gives hope to man’s individuality. Do you want this
hope will be taken from you? Let’s see how this works to our personhood while we kept on moving
and searching the final meaning
of life. Does change would be responsible in maturity level of once own personhood? So, let’s see how
this work. Set back and relax.
Change
www.definitions.net › definition › change
hbr.org › 1969/01 › how-to-deal-with-resistance-to-change
As you’ve seen the role of “time”
and “continuity” it “never” stops or end” at certain
level of maturity. It continuous to “life-long.” Likewise, the act or
instance of making or becoming different; after listening from the talking
about man, family,
country, culture, time and continuity;
now, I will introduce to you the new paradigm
shift of the neoliberalist
thinking that rejection of power
politics as the only possible
outcome of international relations; it questions safety and
The emergence of invention of technological change from the WIFI to the PSYFI generation, institutionalization and instrumentalization making and remaking the world, made possible with the gradual emergence on pluralistic multiculturalism and hence conflict-charged structure of human relations. Conflict, though apparently dysfunctional for highly rationalized system, may actually have important latent functional consequences. By attacking and overcoming the resistance to innovation and change seems to be an occupational psychosis always threatening the bureaucratic office holder, it can help to ensures the system to do not stifle in the deadening routine of habituation and that in the planning activity itself creativity and invention can be applied. This is where innovation was born.
The sources and incidence of
conflicting behavior in each particular system vary according to the type of structure, the patterns of social mobility, of ascribing and achieving status and of allocating scarce power and
wealth, as well as the degree to which specific form of distribution of power, resources and status is accepted by the component actors player within
the different sub-system. To conclude, there is never complete concordance between individuals and groups within a system consider
their just due and the system allocation.
Conflict ensures in the effort of
various frustrated groups and individuals to increase their share of
gratification. Their demands will encounter the resistance of those who previously had established a
vested interest in a given form of distribution of Honor, Wealth and Power
(HWP).
Thus, social change reduces sources of
their frustration may come about. We will deal with change within the system.
Let it be personal, family and country as an organization. Meaning, it would
start a new beginning, a new paradigm shift, a new direction and a new
perspective in life. Therefore, amalgamated culture was reborn in a given place,
time, space, location and circumstances. Acculturated (integration,
assimilation, separation, and marginalization), accommodated and cultural
relativism may be experienced. Have you ever heard the development with change
and continuity with the intervention of cultural change? If you’ve, allow me to
invite you walking with me in the CT-CD journey. Come and join me to effect
change as “sustained difference.”
Culture+time+continuity+change=Development (CT-CD approach)
As social studies deal the “menus” on social science discipline to
the positivist and negativist effect. As Social Scientist consider human development being the pattern
of movement
Allow me to use the Social Studies
lens to magnify the verge eye view on Culture
+ Time
= Generation approach. This is one way of looking, identifying and understanding
culture from parents across the living generation. E.g. 21st
generation. On the other hand, they matter on the concept identification on
Time + Continuity = Genealogy. This would mean parents across the living
generation continually identified kinship, clan, tribe, kingship (Kingdom) and
Patriarch (Empire) through historiographical accounts. E.g. Jesus claimed that
He is the “King of all Kings.” This happens because across generation it took
number of continuous uninterrupted generation showing their blood lineage.
Moreover, Continuity + Change = Deeds is a culturally constructed lineage by genealogy despite of intermarriages and amalgamation. It shows the continuing and positive effect even assimilation and acculturation occurs. It shows a strong blood lineage “impact” through the “unforgettable” moment while he/she was alive. Thus, from the perspective of the humanist, development is particular on the following stages: 1) infancy (from birth to 2 years); 2) early childhood (3 to 5 years); 3) middle and late childhood (6-12 years); 4) adolescence (13-18 years); 5) early adulthood (19-29 years); 6) middle adulthood (30-60 years) and 7) late adulthood (61- years old and above). This would mean that it started from the womb to tomb. Summatively, the CT-CD approach designed “to make a difference.”
CHED/DEPED MANDATES/LEGAL BASES
In the foundation of social studies learner-centered
teaching is adopted based on the Philippine Education trust that “no one is
left behind.” Thus, the 1987 Philippine Constitution provides, “First, Teach
the duty, responsibility and obligation of citizenship; Second, Inculcate the
value of patriotism and nationalism; Third, Develop the technical and vocational
efficiency and to wit:
It is understood when learners taught properly the
value of patriotism and nationalism, they should
defend their country in any “sort” of “harm.”
Doing this action is for good. See to it that the justification is for “love of humanity.” It would mean beyond material
such as: 1) love of humanity; 2) respect of human rights; 3) appreciation of the
role of national heroes; 4) teach the right and duties of citizenship; 5) strengthen ethical and
spiritual values; 6) develop moral character
and personal discipline; 7) encourage critical
and creative thinking; 8) broaden scientific and technological knowledge;
and 9) promote vocational efficiency.
Thus, this foundation of social studies curriculum
encompasses these constitutional provisions
to help the government (state) do her ministerial and constituent functions. Using the DepEd, CHED, and other
allied accrediting agency for quality assurance to the courses offered recognition of the curriculum and
institutionalization of the school machinery would help the Educational Trust
of the government realized. To wit:
“The state
(government) shall promote a just and dynamic social order that will ensure the
prosperity and independence of the nation and free the people from poverty
through policies that provide adequate social services, promote full
employment, a rising standard of living, and an improved quality of life for
all.” (art 2:9)
Thus, the overall societal goal is the
attainment of inclusive growth and sustainable development while the higher
education (CHED) sub-sector (DepEd, TESDA) goals are: the formation of high-level human resource, and generation,
adaptation, and transfer of knowledge and technology for national development
and global competitiveness as the 1987 Philippine Constitution provides:
“….. promote
social justice in all phases of national development (2:10) ... recognizes the
vital role of the youth in nation-building and shall promote and protect their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual,
and social well-being. It shall
inculcate in the youth patriotism and nationalism, and encourage their involvement
in public and civil affairs.” (2:13)
So, the constitution simply reiterated the natural development of the child as an important member of the society.
Thus, the physical, moral,
spiritual, intellectual, and social well-being are protected by the state (government). It started within the “circle” of an individual, the family
(art 15:1-4) and supported by the government. Thus, the state to wit:
“...give priority to education,
science and technology, arts, culture, and sports to
foster patriotism and nationalism, accelerate social progress, and promote
total
This policy of the state mentioned above other
provisions of the Philippine constitution supports on the Philippine National
Goals on Education as cited in article 14:1-5 where the Commission on Higher
Education Memorandum Orders, Association of Local Colleges and Universities and
other allied institution administering, supervising and managing quality
assurance control of the Philippine Education. To cite a few interests of the
individual child as a learner in the
lower and higher education. Below are:
Thus, CMO No. 80, Series of 2017 – Policies,
Standards and using a learner-centered
outcome-based approach facilitating learning using a wide range of teaching- the New General
Education Curriculum per CMO
No. 20, series of 2013, mandating DepEd and CHED to use technology in facilitating language learning and
teaching. Thus, conduit to the effort of DepEd and CHED the two governments
entity provided that:
“Demonstrate a
variety of thinking skills in planning, monitoring, assessing, and reporting learning
processes and outcomes. Practice professional and ethical teaching
standards sensitive to the changing local, national, and global realities” that the child would
benefit.”
Thus, this foundation of social studies pivoting her
own discourses based on the Higher Education Institution (HEIs) National Goals
using CMO-24-s-2017 provides using a learner- centered/outcomes-based approach
on CHED that determined appropriate ...purpose. The HEIs can use CHED Implementing Handbook for facilitating “language learning in
diverse social,
cultural academic diversity. Thus, diverse leaner-based
curriculum can be measured DO_s2017_042-1 using the National Competency – Based
Teacher Standard (NCBTS) was institutionalized through CHED and other allied
institution. Likewise, CHED-DepED strategic plan for 2011 – 2016 supports the
said standardization process.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSES
AND RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER SOCIAL
SCIENCES
Land
The study purely explored the geographer, geologist,
archaeologist, anthropologist, sociologist, historian and other allied social
and physical sciences. Collaboratively and cooperatively defined as a surface of the earth
and its natural
resources. Land does not mean only
“soil,” “clay,” “ground,” and “earth” but covers the immaterial from the material essence of the land. The bounty, richness, fertility,
abundance, happiness and etc in the “land” are included by its specification as
a land. The earth has its estimated land area of 510.1 million km². The land
Safety and security in the study would mean sustainable support and services of the occupants in the inhabited locale for their survival. No doubts that nation or state are encroaching and expanding their territorial ownership or go for the alliances if not loyalty in order to fill-up their needs and services of their countrymen. However, nation or state is a realist. Needs dictates for “occupation” otherwise “colonization” for control the national economy and patrimony of the “country.”
Exploring further from different
sources of RRLS (Review of Related Literature and Studies) about the total land surface area of Earth is 57,308,738 square miles, of which about
33% is desert and about 24% is mountainous. Subtracting this uninhabitable 57%
(32,665,981 mi2) from the total land area
leaves 24,642,757 square miles or 15.77 billion
acres of habitable land. These
would mean man survival on earth as his home 83% of the terrestrial biosphere is under direct in human (life’s activity) influence. Crops cover some 12% of Earth's land
surface and account for more than 1/3 of terrestrial biomass (NOAA, 2019).
So, for that reason the intelligent use of wealth
and the natural resources
demanded high indispensability. That is where economy of ones’ own country
nation or state is at stake.
This is the reason why big or small nation or state becoming an international
player of their country’s need. Thus, politics among nation is the greatest
issue on the International Relation (IR).
Earth is a watery place. It exists on, in, and above our planet. About 71 percent of the Earth's surface is water-covered, the oceans hold about 96.5 percent of all Earth's water. Water also exists in the air as water vapor, in rivers and lakes, in ice-caps and glaciers, (glaciers are just frozen rivers of ice flowing downhill. Glaciers begin life as snow-flakes) in the ground as soil moisture and in aquifers (huge store-houses of water), and even to us and to our inferior animals water is everywhere (USGS, 2019). Though water and space are not an issue here but without land of the “country” would not have the basis for its claim for territorial airspace and water base. Everything will follow after defining the territorial home. For an individual will go home to their own land of their birth and claim their birth-rights and etc.
People
This is a human
person in general.
The word coined from the Anglo-French “people.”
Its
origin possibly
from the Etruscan.
Inhabitant in ancient
Italy in the area corresponding roughly to
However, talking about people 6.6 billion acres, Elizabeth II is far and away the
world's largest landowner,
with the closest runner-up (King Abdullah) holding control over 547 million, or about 12% of the land owned
against to the number of our people
on earth. Here is the roughly
estimated matrix below to project our help to the mother earth.
|
World Population 1804-2011 (207 years)
from 1 billion to 7 billion |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
year |
1 |
1000 |
1500 |
165 |
175 |
180 |
185 |
190 |
193 |
1950 |
196 |
197 |
198 |
198 |
199 |
201 |
202 |
202 |
203 |
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
0 |
4 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
0 |
4 |
0 |
7 |
9 |
1 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
|
po |
0. |
0.27 |
0.4 |
0.5 |
0.7 |
1 |
1.2 |
1.6 |
2 |
2.5 |
3 |
4 |
4.5 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
7.8 |
8 |
8.5 |
|
p |
2 |
5 |
5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Courtesy: World Population Commission
Places (land & population)
This would
mean that portion of space available or designated used by someone covering seven (7) continents.
The following are: 1) Asia,
(44,579,000 – 4.4 billion
population) 2) Africa, 30 million sq. km – 1.2 billion population) 3) North America, (24,709,000 sq. km
– 579 million population) 4) South America, ( 17,821,029 sq. km – 423
million population) 5) Antarctica,
(14,000,000 sq. km – no permanent population Summer – 1000 & winter 200 ) 6) Europe (10,180,000 sq. km – 741 million
population) and 7) Australia, ( 7.7 million
km sq. – 24.6 million population). Likewise, one would like to explore the “data” available
is should be recommended for
its regional geographic data mining.
Environment (Places, land & population)
It is descriptively defined as the surroundings or
conditions which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates. The total usable
land surface area of Earth
is 57,308,738 square miles, of
which about 33% is desert and about 24% is mountainous. Subtracting this
uninhabitable 57% (32,665,981 mi2) from the total land area leaves 24,642,757
square miles or 15.77 billion acres of habitable land. These would mean the
environment for survival on earth is 83% of the terrestrial biosphere is under
direct in human (life’s activity)
influence. Crops cover some 12% of Earth's
land surface and account for more than 1/3 of terrestrial biomass (NOAA, 2019). This would mean that not only water
an issue for security but it
can be gleaned that usable
land needed for mans’
survival is also an issue. What does it mean? Migration, immigration, transfer
and mobility of population is observable.
Identity
The fact that there is an evident on population mobility
our identity is at stake.
The fact of being
who or what a person
or thing, culture
speaks out (material or immaterial). In the Philippines setting a combination of cultures of the East and
West. Filipino identity was created
primarily as a result
of pre-colonial cultures,
colonial influences and foreign traders
intermixing and gradually evolving together on different (https://journals.sub.uni-hamburg) “Political Sociology” issues.” In psychology,
identity is the qualities, beliefs,
personality, looks and/or expressions
that make a person (self-identity) or group (particular social category or social group). ... A psychological identity relates to self-image (one's mental model of oneself), self-esteem, and
individuality (https://www.psychologytoday.com › basics › identity). Thus, everyone claims or deny his/her
own “identity” depending on the intension.
SOCIAL STUDIES:
CONCERN ON THE
BODY OF KNOWLEDGE
As everybody knows that
social studies deal on different
social sciences issues and other
relative information. Thus, there are glocal Actors and players need to be
understood and operationalized in the calisthenics of power and power struggle.
And the following are:
Power
This player in social studies
was considered to capacitates the ability to direct or influence
the behavior of others or the course of events. The kinds of power to “capacitate the ability of others” such
as: 1) coercive; 2) referent; 3) expertise; 4) legitimate; and 5) reward.
Sometimes these player work in an organization depends on the “interest” of the
beholder.
Authority
The power player that we’ve enumerated above as
utilized by the beholder. In that end, not watch by “common good” it will display personal witchcraft. The power or
right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience can be abuse. As
the “common good” is the supreme good
of the society; but taking into account the natural division of labor in
society, society needs an agency
that will see to it that the common good is
pursued by all; this is called political
authority. It can take many forms, but it is always necessary, so that its destruction carries with the destruction of society
itself. Meaning, since authority comes from “God,” who is all knowing and
source of all “goodness,” it is
understood that authority is for
the “common good.” Now, the agency takes care for this “common
good” is the government. What if the
“watchdog” for the “common good” is
the one who “bewitch” and “abuse” authority? So, let me allow you to be help by “governance.”
Governance
This how government run by the use of her machinery
for the service of the whole community. This is an international player
in the running of government
as an institution. Allow me to share
the science of “governance” as the action or manner
of governing. Government as an agency through which will of the state is formulated,
expressed, carried-out and enforce obedience. It is an “act” in “full accord”
with human nature that juridical political structures should, whichever better
success and without any discrimination, afford all their citizens the chance to
participate freely and actively in establishing the constitutional bases of a
political community, governing the state, determining the scope and purpose of
various institutions, and choosing leaders. Hence, let all citizens be mindful
of their simultaneous “constitutional and political right and duty to vote
freely in the interest
of advancing the “common good.” Meaning,
it’s the people who is governing the governance in the government. Party to be
blame in the corrupt and unscrupulous governance of the government is the
people without acting as the “watchdog” of the peoples institutionalized political institution. When and how long to be vigilant in our constitutional and political rights?
When good governance pursued? How? and When? So, let me brings you to the determinant
of the “good governance.”
Good governance
Is directed towards the “common good.” It is worthy in this
adjective, the citizens feel in
himself the consciousness of his personality, of his duties
and rights of his own freedom, coupled with respect of the freedom and dignity of others. In a people worthy of his name, all inequalities, ensuing not form an
arbitrary will but from the very nature of things, inequalities of education,
possession, social status
– without prejudice, let it be well understood to justice and mutual charity – are not obstacle to the existence and prevalence of a genuine spirit of true brotherliness.
So, in that end of discourses let me introduce to you the essential elements
to protect and promote “good
governance.” The following are:
Essential Elements of Good Governance
As seen by the social studies
lens the following essential elements
of good governance to wit: rule of law; transparency; responsiveness; consensus; equity and inclusive; effectiveness and efficiency; accountability and participation. Below are of help
to understand their role to play in governance.
Rule of Law. This
shows that no one is above the law. Good governance
requires fair legal frameworks that are enforced by an impartial regulatory
body, for the full protection of stakeholders.
It implies a “woman” holding the scale is blind folded” in order to assure
everyone treated impartial. It’s a woman because even “law is law” (dura lex sed lex) there is always an
amount in humanity.
Transparency. This shows that established, clear,
transparent and accessible records management systems, archives, and financial
regulatory and monitoring systems are open to accessibility provided that the
court may disclosed its right to information. This simply mean accountability.
Responsiveness. It is prevalent
that the organization must be responsive to the present
and future needs of the organization, exercises prudence in policy-setting and
decision-making, and that the best interests of all stakeholders are taken into
account as part of their institutional responsibility. Clear, transparent
program of work dictates the ability to response the needed action. Meaning
strengthening the social responsibility.
Consensus Oriented. The decision-making involves identifying and addressing concerns,
generating new alternatives, combining elements of multiple alternatives and
checking that people understand a proposal or an argument. This empowers
minorities, those with objections that are hard to state quickly, and those who
are less skilled in debate. Therefore, consensus decision-making can be seen as a form of grassroots democracy. Meaning getting the pulse of the people.
Equity and Inclusiveness. This essential element underlying this goal is an understanding
that individuals and groups
are shaped by elements of identity such as race,
gender, class, ability, sexuality (to name only some),
and these affect experiences of social
inclusion and social exclusion. Likewise, can be understood from the
framework of an organizational lens that provides the opportunity for its
stakeholders to maintain, enhance, or generally improve their well-being provides
the most compelling message regarding its reason for existence and value to society. Meaning collateral damage.
Equivalent and chain reaction.
Effectiveness and Efficiency. In the essence of this elements
is that the processes implemented by the organization to produce favorable results meet the needs of its stakeholders, while making the best use of resources – human, technological, financial, natural and environmental – at its disposal. Meaning, given the resources with the higher
achievement of the goals over the period
of timeframe for work services rendered attained. As effectiveness looks at
the ability to optimize strengths in the way
you operate while efficiency is
doing the right thing.
Accountability. It is the most crucial key tenet of good governance. Since public office is the public trust. The accountability of the public
servant is at the utmost duty,
responsibility and obligation.
Public servant must act with justice give everyone his/her due and act with
honesty, justice, fair, prudent,
impartiality, and good faith at all time and live with modest lives. Meaning, transparency and ability to response.
Participation. The most dynamic and proactive essential elements in good
governance. Participation by both men and women, either directly or through legitimate representatives, is
a key cornerstone of good governance. Participation needs to be informed
and organized, including the right to assembly
and freedom of the press, expression and speech free from harm. Assiduous
concern for the best interests
of the organization and society in general will be directed toward
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE SCIENCE OF SOCIAL STUDIES
Qualitative approach in understanding
social studies is “descriptive - adjectival.” Therefore, its more on observation, documentary, experimentation and ethnographic. The highest degree of truth is the establishment of facts and it must be
done with a rigorous and very detailed manner (e.g. like the National
Geographic presentation). While it is
also prevalent that social studies deal also on quantitative evidence. Its more
on numbers, figures and numerical. It needs statistical precision. The
statistical tool must be precise in order to come-up reliable and valid results.
Economic Life
The intelligent use of the
natural resources is the primordial
logical mind of man. Man is not only a social
and political animal; he is also an economic
being. He is incessantly engaged in economic pursuits or activities. These activities are so multifaceted, varied and complex
that they constitute the economic activity. Modem economy holds
that the aim of man’s
economic activities is not only to
earn but also to secure welfare and
public good. But where lies the welfare cannot be explained by economics. This
is philosophical problem; social philosophers like Marx and Gandhi have deeply
influenced the economic matters. The social philosophy of the Socialist Russia
is different from that of the Democratic America
and the impact of this difference is to be seen clearly not only on their economic system, but also
in their political and social life.
Political life
Politics is essentially an ancient and universal
experience. As Plato argue in “The Republic,” politics is an issue in our
everyday walks of life. It was made political when certain “norms” or
“practice” was institutionalized by law and our everyday walks of life governed
by regulations. The art and science of political analysis
have developed over several thousand years throughout many parts of the world. It is one of the unavoidable facts
of human existence. In the political life of the family; the father (source of authority); mother and the
children (members); the Vision, Mission and Goals (VMGs) (objectives); and the means to attain (resources) are within the political life of the family. In political life, social philosophy examines the
“rights” and “duties” of the state in the light of the ultimate ends of human life. Thus, it is clear the influence of social philosophy on the
important political aspects such as “forms
of government,” “rights” and “obligations” of state with citizens,
importance of laws and
international relations are talked within the ambit of political
discourses.
Education life
Education is one of the basic
activities of people in all-human societies. The continued existence of society
depends upon the transmission of culture to the young. It is essential that
every new generation must be given training in the ways of the group so that the same tradition will continue. Every society has its own ways and means of fulfilling this need.
‘Education’, has come to be one of the ways of fulfilling this need.
It is clear that social philosophy constructs the philosophical foundations of educational system.
Thus, social philosophy, though theoretical, has its own practical utility. It shows the value on which depends the social progress of ‘Man’.
Though it does, not give us a formula for social, political and economic
reforms, yet it does not explain the guiding principles, which determines the
course towards such reforms.
Labor Life
This term oftenly misunderstood to “workforce.” It is not because it is a
measure of the work done by human beings.
It is conventionally contrasted with such other
factors of production as land and capital. Other way
of seeing in general body of wage
earners. In a more special and
technical sense, however, labor means any valuable service rendered by a human
agent in the production of wealth, other than accumulating and providing
capital or assuming the risks that
are a normal part of business undertakings. However, the bottom line is the
worker. Therefore, any duties, responsibilities, obligations attached to it
will go down to the “agent” of
“labor,” the laborer. Thus, the claim of Marx and Hegel
is beyond the laborer because they are talking about the
“labor.” That is the reason Marx and Hegel claims the right of the laborer as
categorically attached to the characteristic of all labor is that it
uses time, in the specific
sense that it consumes some part of the short days and years of human life. Another
common characteristic is that, unlike play, it is not generally a sufficient end in itself but is performed for the sake of its product
or, in modern economic life,
for the sake of a claim to a share of the aggregate product of the community’s industry.
Capital Life
From the parlance of social studies wealth in the form of skills, potentiality, ability, talents, money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available or contributed for a particular purpose such as starting the realization of the plan in a group, organization, institution, company or investing. In fact, human investment is a capital. Capital is a “stock” by contrast with income, which is a “flow.” In its broadest possible sense, capital includes the human population; nonmaterial elements such as skills, abilities, and education; land, buildings, machines, equipment of all kinds; and all stocks of goods—finished or unfinished—in the hands of both firms and households.
Therefore, human assets include: potentialities,
abilities, skills, talents and etc can be capitalize as assets. For the local government units: LGUs capital includes,
human and physical resources within their area of jurisdiction. Dome, covered court,
bridges, roads, edifice,
and other
government facilities can be considered as assets of the LGUs. Generally, the human and physical
“being” within the vicinity and jurisdiction of the LGUs are considered their own local economy and patrimony.
Services
This is an economic activity that a system supplying a
public need such as transport, communications,
or utilities such as electricity and water. Likewise, it
can be gleaned that it’s an economic activity that is intangible, is not stored and does not result in ownership.
A service is consumed at the point of sale.
Services are one of the two key components of economics, the other
being goods. This would
mean that it bridges utility and productivity. Being self-reliant and self-
sufficient citizen services can render negatively and positively for purposes
of productivity.
Production
From the lens of the Political economy, the process of
or financial and administrative management involved in utility and services
devolved within the political life of the body politic. Using the political needs and
services of the electorate. These
general services to be sustain and
maintain are the ministrants and constituent function of the government. It decides how much of each
commodity that it sells (its
“outputs” or “products”) it will produce, and how much of each
kind of labor, raw material, fixed capital good, etc., that it employs (its
“inputs” or “factors of production”) it will use. The theory involves some of
the most fundamental principles of economics. These include the relationship
between the prices of commodities
and the prices (or wages or rents)
of the productive factors used to produce
them and also the relationships between the prices of commodities and productive factors, on
the one hand, and the quantities of these commodities and productive factors
that are produced or used, on the other.
Distribution
Barrowing the
lens of the political economy is that distribution is the action
or process of supplying goods to stores and other
businesses that sell to consumers. It is also understood that the systematic attempt
to account for the sharing
of the national income among the owners
of the factors of
production—land, labor, and capital. Traditionally, economists have studied how
the costs of these factors and the size of
their return—rent, wages, and profits—are fixed. These are part of the economic
distribution cycle. Let it be micro or macro into two types of distribution: 1) Personal distribution is primarily a matter of statistics and the conclusions that can be drawn from them. When incomes are charted according to the number of people
in each size category and the
resulting frequency distribution. And lastly, 2) Functional distribution, which attempts to explain
the prices of land, labor, and capital.
Consumption
An
act or process of consuming. From the
lens of the social philosopher is that using up of a resource according to the Keynesian
theory on macroeconomics activity was of the view that
The Fisher Effect on economic advantage states
that the real interest rate equals the nominal interest rate minus the expected
inflation rate. However, the Tatcherinian
theory on Privatization of state-owned assets; Deregulation – increased
competition in product markets; Deregulation in the financial industry. Reduce
power of trade unions. Reduction income tax –
especially on high incomes but switch to more regressive VAT and Poll Tax.
Reaganomic theory. Reagan's
economic policy were to reduce
the growth of government
spending, reduce the federal income tax and capital gains tax, reduce
government regulation, and tighten the money supply
in order to reduce inflation. Likewise, the theory
of economic advantage of David Ricardo catapulted
the purpose of trade was merely to accumulate gold or silver.
With "comparative advantage" Ricardo argued
in favor of industry specialization and free trade. He suggested that industry
specialization combined with free international trade always produces positive results.
To that end, Adam Smith, Laissez-faire philosophies, such as minimizing the role
of government intervention and taxation in the free markets, and the idea that an "invisible hand" guides supply and demand. Incorporating this theory economic
recession.
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY &
SOCIETY
In the collaboration of science, technology and
society it multiplies and increases the relationship between political communities. Of which, the degree of isolation
prevalently creates no gaps
for the political community to prosperity and development. Thus, it works for
interdependence, alliance and loyalty. As countries work together in the space
exploration, satellites intervention and the diffusion of culture still the family of nation
stand together for the preservation, protection and promotion on humanity. That is the reason even the sophistication of science and technology mankind in the society cannot allow
that these can be used to destroy humanity. However, it must be utilized for
the greatest “common good.”
Society
From the lens on the foundation of social studies
society was consider as a unit of order and relationships among human persons,
composed of man, family and institutions. And, supported by other allied social
science as consists of human individuals bound together by the same patterns
of behavioral knit together by a common structure, legal and moral understanding, end and goals, natural and supernatural (Baehr,2019). It upholds that human development, as a
Many aspects such as biological (marriage and family),
psychological (authentic membership of social
group) and teleological (self-realization being fully human in society)
are to be taken into account
in understanding the philosophical dimension
of society (Gomez, 2017). Sometimes the problems of
the society are grave in nature, which the common people do not understand in
proper perspective. The social values, ethics and morality may create conflicts
among the people and then society will be divided either vertically or
horizontally. The inequalities which are
created on the basis of caste,
occupation, religion and race may create not only confusions in the society,
but it may lead to chaotic conditions. This is an implication of imperfection
and dependency.
To set right unconducive atmosphere, the society
requires an ideology, advocacy or a philosophy
which would bring
in social harmony
and cohesion. Hence,
the nature of human (man) persons, family, and community’s
institutions interactions and inter-relationships in society is possible. Seaman (2019)
barrowed Hobhouse statement that says, “We set before
ourselves a conception of the harmonious fulfillment
of human capacity as the substance of happy life and we have to enquire into
the conditions of its relations. We consider laws,
customs and institutions in respect of their functions
not merely in maintaining any sort of social life,
but in maintaining and promoting a harmonious life.
Society consists of groups. It starts with an
aggregate of people, which starts from man and develops family, marriage,
occupation and other institutions. All of them are influenced by social philosophies. But the mere congregation of
people in a physical area does not make them
a social group. A social group exists when two or more people are direct or indirect
contact and communication. Society is rooted in social interactions (CliffsNotes, 2019). It represents the
conditioned behaviour of persons and groups. Both society and culture are
products of social interaction. Social interaction is the most elemental social
phenomenon that oils social machinery. When interaction recurs often
enough so that we can perceive a pattern of behaviour, a social relation
exists. Social relations may be friendly or unfriendly, intimate or
nonintimate, inclusive or non-inclusive, specialized or non-specialized in
character. The nature and character of social relationships underlie different
forms of institutions, organizations, and social groups. In social life, the
importance of institutions, organizations, social groups and social relations
cannot be exaggerated. It was said from the
old folk’s maxim that says, “what
you see is what you get.”
GLOBAL CONNECTION - NETIZENSHIP
Everybody causes for the survival in the mainstream of the WIFI and PSYFI
generation. No one live in their
wildest imagination as the world keeps getting
smaller every day. While
Thus, the study
made by Thomas
Freidman on his flatteners in the “world
is flat” he found
out the following flatteners: 1) The New Age of Creativity: When the Walls Came Down and the Windows Went Up; 2) The New Age of Connectivity: When the Web Went Around and Netscape Went Public; 3) Work Flow Software; 4) UPLOADING, Harnessing the Power of Communities;
5) OUTSOURCING (paying another company to do it); 6)
OFFSHORING (company moves its
production from its home country to another country, where it can be done
with “cheaper labor, lower taxes, subsidized energy, and lower health-care
costs); 7) SUPPLY-CHAINING; 8) INSOURCING; 9) IN-FORMING; 10) THE STEROIDS.
These is where our netizenship being measured in order to become prepared and
ready for Globalization, Institutionalization, Internationalization and
UniFASTization. Meaning, this will lead to the accessibility to free quality
education for all.
CIVIC IDEALISM, ADVOCACY & PRACTICE
Training in the Schools for Civic Efficiency has been worked out in cooperative and collaborative
fashion. It may be understood living in immediate community as one render
civil services. This is for the
reason of safety and security. However, in the PSYFI generation (year 2015 up)
civil services translated in the form of money and other design in replacement
to personal forced-labor. This however, not to be discounted generally, may be
because of this twofold forced-labor: 1) cultural – to acquaint the
child/learner with his environment; 2) practical – to train for citizenship.
There are various sorts of environment, each with corresponding field of study. Among others is that man-made – social
environment which we term the community
and the civics. We’re tend to be apologetic
because “no man is an island.”
Our duties, responsibilities and obligation are “called” upon for
“service.” Take note ‘we’re
not born for ourselves but for others.” They are the measure
of our effectiveness and efficiency in “civic” affairs
and therefore they are learned to be love and to love.
The community has been defined as a group of people living together in a single locality
and shared with
common interest, ideals, aspiration and sentiments,
bound together by common norms and subject to common rules or laws. And the various types of community include the home,
the school, the church, the shop and the state. A citizen
as may call politically, inhabitants from its layman term is anyone who
participates in community action, sharing its privileges and properly subject
to a share in its duties, responsibilities and obligations.
The good citizen is one who manfully shoulders his obligations as a citizen and performs his part well as a member of his community. All citizens, whether young or old age, all are members of one or more communities – always including the state/nation. Thus, two types of the community identified in the study are: 1) perfect community as a society and the 2) imperfect community as a society also too. The first community can provide her own need like authority, leader, member, objectives and means to attain these objectives (e.g. family). While the last one cannot (created by law – e.g. institutions, agencies, etc).
Idealism and Advocacy
The state shall inculcate patriotism and nationalism, foster love of humanity, respect for human rights, appreciation of the role of national heroes in the historical development of the country, teach the rights and duties of citizenship, strengthen ethical and spiritual values, develop moral character and personal discipline, encourage critical and creative thinking, broaden scientific and technological knowledge, and promote vocational efficiency (PhilCon, Art XlV: Sec lll).
Thus, the state recognizes the filipino family as the foundation of the nation. Accordingly, it shall strengthen solidarity and actively
promote total development. Likewise, the state recognizes marriage as an
inviolable social institution, is the foundation of the family and shall be
protected by the state. And shall defend the
right of spouses to found a family in accordance with their religious
convictions and the demands of responsible parenthood; the right of children
to assistance, including
proper care and nutrition,
and special protection from all forms of neglect, abuse, cruelty, exploitation
and other conditions prejudicial to their development; the right of
the family to a family living wage and income; and the right of families
or family associations to participate in the planning and implementation of
policies and programs that affect
them. And lastly, the family has the duty to care for its elderly members likewise, the state may also do so through just programs of social
security (PhilCon,
Art XV: Sec 1- lll).
Patriotism & Nationalism Advocacy
The quality of being patriotic; devotion to and vigorous support
for one's country
is also demanded by the state to preserve
and protect the national economy
and patrimony of the
nation/state. It is called for by the state in order to meet the
needed services of the country. Thus, other demand was the act of Nationalism as an advocacy
or support for the political
independence of a particular nation or
people. Nationalism being an ideology
and advocacy we simply promote
one's own identity
against others as also
addressed by the constitutional provisions in order to equalize the personal
and subsidiary needs. Meaning, to address social justice “common good” shall be
promoted, preserve and protected.
Thus, citing
few on the many constitutional provisions to wit:
All lands
of the public domain, waters, minerals, coal, petroleum, and other mineral
oils, all forces of potential energy, fisheries, forests or timber, wildlife,
flora and fauna, and other natural resources are owned by the State.
This provision means to own tangible and
intangible property by an individual through “title,” “declaration, and other
forms of declaratory rights are “franchised” by the government for a temporary
capacity. So, it is the government who is the owner of the said property. And
this franchise is limited to an individual on the ground of “public welfare.”
Thus, the provision continues to say:
With the exception of agricultural lands, all other natural resources shall not be alienated. The exploration, development, and utilization of natural resources shall be under the full control and supervision of the State. The State may directly undertake such activities, or it may enter into co-production, joint venture, or production-sharing agreements with Filipino citizens, or corporations or associations at least sixty per centum of whose capital is owned by such citizens. Such agreements may be for a period not exceeding twenty-five years, renewable for not more than twenty-five years, and under such terms and conditions as may be provided by law. In cases of water rights for irrigation, water supply, fisheries, or industrial uses other than the development of water power, beneficial use may be the measure and limit of the grant.
So, the empowerment of the “public
good” is vested to the “people.” And, the “government” stands for the “people”
as an agency or institution that enforces obedience. Thus, the authority or
power given by the one who lead the government will be directed
towards the attainment of the greater
“common good.” Through their election to public office they are accountable to the people and shall
protect, preserve and promote
the interest of the “people.”
Thus, includes the following:
“The State
shall protect the nation’s marine wealth in its archipelagic waters,
territorial sea, and exclusive economic zone, and reserve its use and enjoyment exclusively to Filipino citizens.
The Congress may, by
law, allow small-scale utilization of natural resources by Filipino citizens,
as well as cooperative fish farming, with priority to subsistence fishermen and fish workers in rivers,
lakes, bays, and lagoons.”
Thus, the conclusive nationalistic and patriotic provisions cited therein preserving, developing and protecting our wealth of nation is intended for the “filipino” and the “future” generation.
“The President may enter into agreements with foreign-owned corporations involving either technical or financial assistance for
large-scale exploration, development, and utilization of minerals, petroleum,
and other mineral oils according to the general terms and conditions provided
by law, based on real contributions to the economic growth and general welfare
of the country. In such agreements, the State shall promote the development
and use of local scientific and technical resources.”
SOCIAL STUDIES:
ISSUES AND HUMAN INTERACTION
Abuse in Authority
The abuse and misuse of power
or authority appointed or
designated to the assigned placement
or position and in the performance of their mandated frontline services
or work occur both with external stakeholders and internal staff in the
performance of their duty, responsibility and obligation in public office.
Thus, happen that there are services was not delivered by the government in the
name of the “position” held found “prima facie” by the Ombudsman or “Tanod Bayan allowing the case to prosper
to the Sandigan Bayan to decide. Meaning the “Ombudsman” is the prosecutor and the “Sandigan Bayan”
is the court. The effects can be damaging to morale and to working
condition and relationships within
the
Graft and Corruption
It is the policy of the Philippine
Government, in line with the principle that “public office is a public trust”, to suppress certain acts of public officers and private
persons alike which constitute anti- graft and corrupt practices or which may lead
thereto (RA No. 3019). Forms of corruption vary, but include bribery, extortion,
cronyism, nepotism, parochialism, patronage, influence peddling, graft, and
embezzlement. Corruption may facilitate criminal
enterprise such as drug trafficking,
money laundering, and human trafficking, though it is not restricted to these activities. This act be done in money,
time and other forms of malpractices that does not necessarily lead to the interest of the “common
good.” However, this will not
be limited to “money,” “effort”, “time,” and “space” but in any form or design
that will “disadvantage” the third party, the institution and the public good will subject to the collateral
damages.
Anti-social behavior 1
Anti-social behaviours are acts that
create and caught community concern. These range from misuses of “public space,” such as fighting or drug use and dealing, to “disregard for community safety”, such as dangerous driving or
drunk and disorderly behaviour. Anti-social behaviour can range from socially
unaccepted norms through the act that break the law. It is most common in late
adolescence but can progress to entrenched criminal behaviour in adulthood.
Causes and characteristics
Factors that contribute to a particular child's antisocial behavior
vary to some form of family problems
(e.g., marital discord,
harsh or inconsistent disciplinary practices or actual
child abuse,
frequent changes in primary caregiver or in housing, learning or cognitive
disabilities, or health problems).
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder is highly correlated with antisocial behavior. A child
may exhibit antisocial behavior in response
to a specific stressor (such as the death of a parent or a divorce)
for a limited period of time, but this is not considered a psychiatric
condition.
Children and adolescents with
antisocial behavior disorders have an increased risk of accidents, school
failure, early alcohol and substance use, suicide, and criminal behavior. The
elements of a moderate to severely
antisocial personality is established as early as kindergarten. Antisocial
children score high on traits of impulsiveness, but low on anxiety and
reward- dependence—that is, the degree to which they value, and are motivated
by, approval from others.
Yet underneath their tough exterior antisocial children have low self-esteem.
And this is true to different socially and culturally constructed diverse
society.
A salient characteristic of antisocial children and adolescents is that they appear to have no feelings. Besides showing no care for others' feelings or remorse for hurting others, they tend to demonstrate none of their own feelings except anger and hostility, and even these are communicated by their aggressive acts. One analysis of antisocial behavior is that it is a defense mechanism that helps the child to avoid painful feelings, or else to avoid the anxiety caused by lack of control over the environment.
Antisocial behavior may also be a direct
attempt to alter the environment. Social learning theory suggests
that negative behaviors
are reinforced during
childhood by parents,
caregivers, or peers. In one
formulation, a child's negative behavior (e.g., whining, hitting) initially
serves to stop the parent from behaving in ways that are aversive to the child
(the parent may be fighting with a partner, yelling at a sibling, or even
crying). The child will apply the learned behavior at school, and a vicious
cycle assert his pride. As the child matures, "mutual avoidance" sets in with
the parent(s), as each party avoids the negative behaviors of the other.
Consequently, the child receives little care or supervision and, especially
during adolescence,
is free to join peers who have similarly learned
antisocial means of expression because
they have the “common behavior.”
Different forms of antisocial behavior will appear in different settings
Antisocial children tend to minimize
the frequency of their negative behaviors, and any reliable assessment must involve observation by mental health
professionals, parents, teachers, or peers. Child abuse is
not just physical violence directed
to a child. It is any form of maltreatment by an adult, which is
violent or threatening for the
child. This includes neglect; Physical abuse: all forms of physical violence.
Emotional or psychological abuse: an adult regularly berates the child, acts in a dismissive and hostile manner towards
the child or intentionally scares
the child. Physical neglect: the child does not receive the care and nurturing
the needs. Emotional or psychological neglect: continuous lack of positive
attention for the child. Ignoring the child’s need for love, warmth and
security. This category also covers cases in which children are witnesses to violence between their parents or caregivers.
Sexual abuse: sexual contact which an adult force upon a child.
Dynamic of child sexual abuse
Female sex (though in some developing
countries male children constitute a large proportion of child victims);
unaccompanied children; children in foster care, adopted children,
stepchildren; physically or mentally handicapped children; history of past
abuse; poverty; war/armed conflict; psychological or cognitive vulnerability; single parent homes/broken homes; social isolation (e.g. lacking an emotional support
network); parent(s) with mental illness, or alcohol or drug dependency). Enumerated incidence can be happening
also to male sex depending to time, space and circumstances.
Poverty www.worldbank.org/www.unesco.org
The main causes of poverty in the country include the following: (1) low to moderate economic growth; (2) low growth elasticity of poverty reduction; (3) weakness in employment generation and the quality of jobs generated – school curriculum mismatching; (3) failure to fully develop the agriculture sector-no motivation and economic incentives in the part of the landed citizens; (4) high inflation during crisis periods; (5) high levels of population growth; (6) high and persistent levels of inequality (incomes and assets), which dampen the positive impacts of economic expansion; and (7) recurrent shocks and exposure to risks such as economic crisis or economic recession, conflicts, natural disasters, and "environmental poverty.
Key Findings
RRLS
report's key findings include the following: (1) Economic
growth did not translate into poverty reduction in recent
years; (2) Poverty levels vary greatly by regions; (3) Poverty remains a mainly
rural phenomenon though urban poverty is on the rise; (4) Poverty levels are
strongly linked to educational attainment; (5) The poor have large families,
with six or more members; (6) Many Filipino
households remain vulnerable to shocks and risks; (7) Governance and institutional constraints remain in the poverty
response; (8) There
is a weak local government capabity for implementing poverty
reduction programs; (9) Deficient targeting
in various poverty programs; (10) There are serious
resource gaps for poverty reduction; (11) Multidimensional responses to poverty
reduction are needed; (12) Further research on chronic poverty is needed; and (13) Continuing identifying indicators on the Social Reform
Agenda (SRA) in the LGUs level
and match their own applicability.
The report comprehensively analyzes
the causes of poverty and recommends ways to accelerate poverty reduction and achieve more inclusive growth.
In the immediate and short term
there is a need to enhance government's poverty reduction strategy and involve key sectors for a
collective and coordinated response to the problem. In the small, medium and
long-range term and lastly, the government should
continue to pursue key economic
reforms for sustainability and inclusive growth for sustainable economic growth and
development.
Drug use disorder https://www.medicinenet.com/drug_abuse/article.htm#
A substance or drug abuse and addiction sometimes it
was called as drug use disorder, also called substance use or chemical use disorder,
is an illness characterized by a destructive pattern of using a substance that leads to significant problems
or distress, including tolerance to or withdrawal from the substance, as well as other
problems that use of the substance can cause for the sufferer, either socially or in terms of their
work or school performance.
The effects of drug use disorders on society are substantial. The economic cost, including everything from lost wages to medical, legal, and mental health implications becoming high specially when “facilitating” this budget for “rehabilitation purposes.” The cultivation of marijuana and production of synthetic drugs like methamphetamine has negatively impacted on soil and water supplies. Drug law infractions are highly common reason for arrest sometimes it may lose to one’s own lives during the “Du30” administration because of the resistance from arrest and killing the lives of our law enforcer may cause the defense resulting the death of life. That caught the attention on the international eye which they are blind to see the real theatre of NARCO-POLITICIANS. If not prevented “amalgamated” in the culture of another culture may create another culture. Probably, the culture of “drugs” will continue to dominate the system and the public good will be in danger.
Teens are increasingly engaging in prescription drug abuse, particularly narcotics, also called opioids (which physicians prescribe to relieve severe pain) and stimulant medications, which treat conditions like attention-deficit disorder and narcolepsy. The term dual diagnosis refers to the presence of both a drug use disorder and a serious mental health problem in a person. Substance use disorders, unfortunately, occur quite commonly in people who also have severe mental illness. Individuals with dual diagnosis are also at higher risk of being noncompliant with treatment. The “war” on drugs by the Du30 Administration significantly increases the “prima facie” on the addition and volumes on illegal drugs. He is the President who runs the government with “peoples will.”
Smoking https://www.nhs.uk/smokefree/why-quit/smoking-health-problems
This paper considers smoking as the act of inhaling and exhaling the fumes of burning plant material using the mouth. Below are the discussion and explanations more on the disadvantage on smoking except only one is less eating appetite because the nicotine itself acts as both a stimulant and appetite suppressant.
When one smoke,
the poisons from the tar of the cigarettes enter
the blood. These
poisons the blood then: Make the blood thicker, and increase chances of
clot formation; Increase blood pressure and heart rate, making the heart work harder than normal;
Narrow arteries, reducing
the amount of oxygen rich blood circulating to the organs. Together,
these changes the body when
Heart
Smoking damages heart and blood
circulation, increasing the risk of conditions such as coronary heart disease, heart attack, stroke,
peripheral vascular disease (damaged
blood vessels) and cerebrovascular disease
(damaged arteries that supply blood to the brain). Carbon monoxide from the smoke and nicotine both put a strain on the
heart by making it work faster. They also increase risk of blood clots. Other chemicals in cigarette smoke damage the lining of the coronary arteries, leading to furring of the arteries. In fact, smoking doubles
risk of having a heart attack, and if smoke have twice the risk of dying from coronary
heart disease than lifetime non-smokers. The good news is that after only one year of not
smoking, risk is reduced by half. After stopping for 15 years, risk is similar to that of someone who
has never smoked.
Stomach
Smokers have an increased chance of
getting stomach cancer or ulcers. Smoking can weaken the muscle that controls
the lower end of gullet (esophagus) and allow acid from the stomach to travel in the wrong direction back up to gullet, a process known as reflux. Smoking is a significant risk factor for developing kidney cancer, and
the more smoke the greater the risk.
E.g. RRLS
findings reveal that if
regularly smoke 10 cigarettes a day, one and a
half times more likely to develop kidney
cancer compared with a non-smoker. This is increased
to twice as likely
if smoke 20 or more cigarettes a day.
Skin
Smoking reduces the amount of oxygen
that gets to skin. This means
that if smoke, skin ages more quickly and looks grey and dull. The toxins in
body cause cellulite. Smoking prematurely ages skin by between
10 and 20 years, and makes it three times more likely
get facial wrinkling,
particularly around the eyes and mouth. Smoking even gives a sallow,
yellow-grey complexion and hollow
cheeks, which can cause to look gaunt. The good news is that once stop smoking, it will
prevent further deterioration to skin caused by smoking.
Bones
The
bones that constitute the body made all the parts of the body work together
in unison. If smoking interferes this asynchronistic
movement it can paralyze
the whole system
of the body because bones become
weak and brittle. Several Review of Related Literature and Studies made their findings more likely and favorable that,
women need to be especially careful as they are more likely to suffer from
brittle bones (osteoporosis) than non-smokers.
Brain
If smoke,
more likely to have a stroke than someone who doesn't smoke. In
fact, smoking increases your
risk of having a stroke by at
least 50%, which can cause brain damage and death. And, by smoking,
double the risk of dying from a stroke. One way that smoking can increase risk of a stroke is by increasing chances
of developing a brain aneurysm. This is a bulge in a blood vessel caused
by a weakness in the blood vessel
wall. This can rupture or burst
which will lead to an extremely
serious condition known as a subarachnoid hemorrhage, which is a type of stroke, and can cause extensive brain
damage and death. The good news is that within two years of stopping smoking,
your risk of stroke is reduced to
half that of a smoker and within five years it will be the same as a
non-smoker.
Lungs
Lungs can be very badly affected by
smoking. Coughs, colds, wheezing and asthma are just the start. Smoking can cause
fatal diseases such as pneumonia, emphysema and lung
cancer. Smoking causes 84% of deaths from lung cancer and 83% of deaths
from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD, a progressive and
debilitating disease, is the name for a collection of lung diseases
including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. People
with COPD have difficulties breathing, primarily
due to the narrowing of their airways and destruction of lung tissue. Typical
symptoms of COPD include: increasing breathlessness when active, a persistent
cough with phlegm and frequent chest infections. Whilst the early signs of COPD
can often be dismissed as a ‘smoker’s cough’, if people continue smoking and
the condition worsens, it can greatly impact on their quality
of life. It can slow down the progression of the disease
and stopping smoking is the
most effective way to do this.
Mouth and throat
Smoking causes unattractive problems such as bad
breath and stained teeth, and can also cause gum disease and damage sense of taste.
The most serious damage smoking
causes in your mouth and throat is
an increased risk of cancer in your
lips, tongue, throat, voice box and
gullet (esophagus). More than 93% of oropharyngeal cancers (cancer in part of
the throat) are caused by smoking. The good news is that when stop using
tobacco, even after many years of use, can greatly reduce your risk of developing head and neck cancer. Once been smoke free for 20 years, risk of head and neck cancer is
reduced to non-smoker.
Reproduction and fertility
Smoking can cause male
impotence, as it damages the blood vessels that supply blood to the penis.
It can also damage sperm, reduce sperm count and cause testicular cancer. Up to
120,000 men from the UK in their 20s and 30s are impotent as a direct result of
smoking, and men who smoke
have a lower sperm count
than those who are non-smokers. For women, smoking can reduce
fertility. Study found that smokers were over three times more
likely than non-smokers
Prostitution https://www.britannica.com/topic/prostitution
Prostitution is an old concept that
practice of engaging relatively indiscriminate sexual activity, in general with someone
who is not a spouse or a friend, in exchange for immediate payment in money or
other valuables. Prostitutes may be female or male or transgender, and prostitution may entail heterosexual or homosexual activity,
but historically most prostitutes have been women and most clients
men. Todays trend
of the time, space and circumstances it engaged
on
the world of LGBTQQIP+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Questions, Intersex,).
LGBTQQAAIP+
LGBT+ is an "inclusive" way
to represent all the different identities in the longer acronym but here's a
breakdown of what each of the letters in LGBTQQIAAP mean. L - lesbian: a woman
who is attracted to other women; G - gay: a man who is attracted to other men or broadly people who identify as
homosexual; B - bisexual: a person who is attracted to both men and women; T - transgender: a person whose gender identity
is different from the sex the doctor put down on their birth certificate; Q - queer:
originally used as a hate term, some people want
to reclaim the word, while others find it offensive. It
can be a political statement, suggest that someone doesn't want to identify with "binaries" (e.g. male v female, homosexual v straight) or that they don't
want to label themselves only by their sexual activity; Q - questioning: a
person who is still exploring their sexuality or gender identity; I - intersex:
a person whose body is not definitively male or female. This may be because
they have chromosomes which are not XX or XY or because
their genitals or reproductive organs
are not considered "standard"; A - allies:
a person who identifies as straight
but supports people in the
LGBTQQIAAP+ community; A - asexual: a person who is not attracted in a sexual
way to people of any gender; P - pansexual: a person whose sexual attraction is
not based on gender and may themselves
be fluid when it comes to gender or sexual identity.
Perceptions of prostitution
are based on culturally determined values that
differ between societies. In some societies, prostitutes have been viewed
as members of a recognized profession; in others they have
been shunned, reviled,
and punished with stoning, imprisonment, and death. Few societies have exercised the same severity toward clients; indeed, in many societies, clients suffer few if any legal repercussions. In
some cultures, prostitution has been required
of young
In Europe during the Middle Ages, church
leaders attempted to rehabilitate penitent prostitutes and fund their dowries.
Nevertheless, prostitution flourished: it was not merely tolerated but also
protected, licensed, and regulated by law, and it constituted a considerable source of public revenue. Public brothels were
established in large cities throughout Europe. At Toulouse, in France, the
profits were shared between the city and the university; in England, bordellos were originally licensed
by the bishops of Winchester and subsequently by Parliament.
Stricter controls were imposed during the 16th century, in part because
of the new sexual morality that accompanied the Protestant Reformation and the Counter-Reformation. Just as
significant was the dramatic
upsurge of sexually
transmitted diseases. Sporadic attempts
were made to suppress brothels and even
to introduce medical inspections, but such measures were to
little avail.
With
the rise of feminism, many came to regard male libertinism as a threat to women’s status and physical health. In most Asian and Middle Eastern
countries, prostitution is illegal but widely tolerated. Among predominantly Muslim countries, Turkey has legalized prostitution and made it subject to a system of health checks for sex
workers, and in Bangladesh prostitution is notionally legal but
associated behaviours such as soliciting are prohibited. In some Asian
countries the involvement of children
in prostitution has encouraged the growth of “sex tourism” by men from countries
where such practices are illegal.
Many Latin American countries tolerate prostitution but restrict
associated activities. In Brazil, for example, brothels, pimping,
and child exploitation are illegal.
Why sex terrorism because the devolution on sexual activity engages different
“framework” of ages Irregardles of religion, race, identity, nationality and
patriotism.
Since the 1980s, attitudes toward
prostitution have changed radically through two major developments. One is the worldwide spread
of Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndromes (AIDS), which increased
concern about public health problems created by prostitution. In Africa
especially, one factor in the rapid spread of AIDS has been the prostitution
industry serving migrant laborers. A second influential development was a
renewal of feminist interest and
perspective on prostitution both a consequence and a symptom of gender-based
exploitation. Reflecting these shifting attitudes, during the 1980s the more
neutral term sex worker was
increasingly employed to describe those involved in commercial sex activities.
As the maxims says “in every port
report and in every port deport.” This means that their long stay on the
high seas while on board to the deck, they were hungry the pleasure of the
land.
It is difficult to generalize about the
background or conditions of prostitutes because so much of what is known about them derives
from studies of poorer and less-privileged individuals, people who are more likely
to come into contact with courts and official
agencies. Much more is known about
streetwalkers. Example, about the
higher-status women who can
be more selective about their clients and work conditions. Based on
available studies, though, it is reasonable to assert that female sex workers
often are economically disadvantaged and lack skills and training
to support themselves.
Many are drawn at an early age into
prostitution and associated crime,
and drug
dependency can be an aggravating factor. They
frequently are managed by a male procurer, or pimp, or by a supervisor, or
madam, in a house of prostitution. Health hazards to prostitutes include sexually
transmitted diseases, some of which may be acquired through drug abuse. Male
prostitution has received less public attention in
most cultures. Heterosexual male prostitution— involving males hired by or
for females—is rare. Homosexual male prostitution has probably existed in most
societies, though only in the 20th century was it recognized as a major social
phenomenon, and its prevalence increased during the late 20th and
early 21st century.
Alcohol/abuse https://drugabuse.com/alcohol
National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2019). Drug Facts: Treatment Approaches for Drug Addiction.
National Institute on Drug
Abuse. (2018). Drugs, Brains, and
Behavior: The Science of Addiction: Drug Misuse and Addiction. National Institute on Drug Abuse.
(2018). Principles of Drug Addiction
Treatment; A Research-Based Guide (Third Edition): Is there a difference between physical dependence and addiction.
In the United
States, alcohol is the most commonly used and misused
substance. It can be
addictive. Not everyone
who consumes alcohol
will become addicted, but there are certain people who may be more susceptible to addiction. The effects alcohol
has can vary between people, and there are factors that influence those effects, including age, health status,
family history, and how
much and how often one drinks. It
should be noted that alcohol addiction and abuse are not the same. Addiction is a chronic
disease that involves uncontrolled, continued substance pursuit and use despite any harmful
consequences. Individuals who suffer
from alcohol addiction are often diagnosed with an Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD),
and they may also have developed a dependency
on alcohol.
Dependence is a state where the body requires
the presence of a substance such as alcohol just to function normally. Without
it, the individual will experience severe, possibly life- threatening,
withdrawal symptoms. Dependence on
alcohol is often experienced in tandem with addiction. Those who abuse or
misuse alcohol are not necessarily addicted to or dependent on alcohol. An
individual can misuse alcohol without drinking on a consistent basis. For
example,
Common Methods of Alcohol Abuse
Too much and excessive drinking
is bad as presented by the Harvard
University Research Institute that 5 or more drinks
in 2 hours for a man and 4 or more drinks for a woman. Most people
who are drinkers are not identified as alcohol dependent. One in six adult
reports that alcohol drinking approximately 4 times each month,
and alcohol drinking occurs most commonly among adults aged 18-34. Alcohol drinking
can lead to numerous health problems, including alcohol poisoning, car accidents, violence,
sexually transmitted diseases, cancer (including breast,
mouth, liver, and colon), and memory and learning problems. In other
words, “too much drinking alcoholic
beverage is not good” but “drinking
alcoholic beverage is not bad” it will help the metabolism of the body
regularly function.
Pregnant Women and Alcohol
www.addictioncenter.com › teenage-drug-abuse › underage-drinking; www.medicinenet.com › alcohol and teens › article
Alcohol can present various
dangers during pregnancy, and there is no known
level of use that
is considered safe.
All types of alcohol are dangerous. Drinking
while pregnant is dangerous because alcohol is passed to
the baby and cause miscarriage; stillbirth; and numerous physical, behavioral,
and intellectual development issues, including low body weight, poor
coordination, hyperactive behavior, poor memory, learning
disabilities, poor judgment
skills, visions or hearing
problems. While in the other hand, instead of committing that precarious state
in the body probably it will redown or go back to the body if not the danger would be on the action
done. E.g. because of the uncontrollable action for such
influence of liquor we’ve done wrong without our consciousness.
Teen Alcohol Use www.addictioncenter.com › teenage-drug-abuse ›
underage-drinking; www.medicinenet.com › alcohol and teens› article
Many
teenagers misuse alcohol
due to the accessibility of the substance and peer pressure. In fact, alcohol tops the
list of drugs used by teenagers, per the National
Institute on Drug Abuse.
In fact, more than 8% of 8th graders,
18% of 10th graders, and
30% of 12th graders were
current alcohol drinkers in 2018. Teenagers who misuse alcohol may exhibit signs including
low energy, having alcohol
paraphernalia, concentration problems, problems with coordination, mood swings,
changing social circles,
declining academic performance, behavioral issues/rebelling, smelling
of alcohol. Likewise, when exploring data on the index of crime
committed and filed in Barangay Lupons of Cagayan de Oro City (80 barangays – 40 Rural and 40 urbans) found out that related
circumstances is associated with the alcohol dependent and user.
Teens who use alcohol increased risk in
a number of ways. Teens who drink may be sexually active and participate in
unprotected sex more often than teens who do not consume alcohol. These teens
are also increased risk of becoming a victim of rape or assault. They may also
get injured or die in car crashes involving alcohol or getting
into a petty crime resulted to a more aggravating. To the extent from slanderous into
libelous. Not only alcohol
abuse alters how a teen acts, it can also have adverse
effects on the adolescent brain. RRLS shows that brain development continues
teenage years. Alcohol abuse during the brain's formative years can negatively
impact brain development, learning problems and increase risk developing and
damage the future due to alcoholism.
Alcoholic drinking and excessive use of alcohol
has a wide range of consequences,
from nausea and headaches from a hangover to severe liver problems from chronic
drinking. In the short-term, drinking too much can be very dangerous and deadly. Its effects may include: Nausea; Vomiting; Headaches; Slurred
speech; Impaired judgment; Anxiety; Insomnia; Trouble concentrating; Memory
loss; Problems breathing; Risk of significant personal harm or long-term health problems are increased
with chronic alcohol consumption. People who use excessive amounts of alcohol are at higher risk of: (1) Mouth, esophageal, throat, liver, and breast cancer;
(2) Raised risk of heart problems, such as
cardiomyopathy; (3) Brain damage; (4) Weakened immune system; (5) Liver disease; (6) Pancreatitis; (7) Ulcers; (8) Violence or self-harm; and (9)
Accidents, such as vehicle collisions and other relative circumstances.
Economic Deprivation https://www.jstor.org/stable/1131385?seq
Review
of the Related Literature and Studies (RRLS)
revealed that economic
deprivation can lead to youth
violence and crime. Such violence need not be only instrumental; for example, aimed to
relieve poverty or acquire goods that youths do not have; but may also be
violent, as economic deprivation may create feelings of hopelessness and anger,
which may lead to diffuse aggression.
RRLS revealed on relative deprivation,
sensitizes us to the fact that actual as well as perceived economic deprivation
can lead to youth violence. This is especially true if one’s economic
deprivation is believed to be unjust; for example, when one believes that one
is economically deprived because of ascribed factors such as race. The
implication is that policy initiatives need to reduce the actual levels of poverty and inequality that beset youths, as well as eliminate or reduce the perception that people are in poverty
or are the victims of inequality. One way to change perceptions is to change
the actuality. That is, addressing actual poverty and inequality, by providing
skills training and employment for youths, may also affect perceptions of
economic deprivation. It should be noted, however, that perceptions may or may
not always change as predicted. In this respect, it may be prudent for
policy-makers to be sensitive to the factors
that may affect perceptions. One body of literature that is
potentially useful in this respect is the social-psychological
writing on attitudes, attitude change and social dimension.
With respect to changing actual levels of economic deprivation RRLS asserts that an effective anti-crime strategy should include the direct creation of jobs in areas demonstrating a pressing social need; systematic attempts to raise wages and lessen earnings disparities, particularly those related to gender and race; improvement of national job training and school-to- work transitions; and introducing legislation to shorten the workday and spread available work time. RRLS revealed that antipoverty programs failed to reduce crime problems majority in the members of the UNO. RRLS indicates that there may be a cyclical relationship between economic deprivation and youth crime. That is, economic deprivation may increase youth crime, and youth crime in turn may exacerbate the economic deprivation of youths by reducing employment opportunities. RRLS argues that high rates of youth crime may reduce employment opportunities for youths because potential employers may move out of high-crime areas, or may believe that youths are untrustworthy and refrain from hiring them.
As such, economic
deprivation may increase
youth violence and crime, which
may in turn worsen the economic deprivation of youths by reducing
employment. This cycle, with each component
affecting the other, can lead to a progressively worsening situation for both economic
deprivation and youth violence. Measures should be put in place
to encourage employers to hire youths so that this process
may be interrupted. If we go for bargaining
for quality product fit and
meritorious worker deserves the slot. Irregardles of age but competitive why
not.
At this juncture, RRLS point out that
interventions for youths who face economic deprivation should not focus solely
on economic deprivation indicators. Ecological approach to examine the
precursors of violence and direct attention to risk and protective factors at the
individual, parent, family,
and neighborhood levels.
RRLS argue that preventive interventions for youths in poverty
should be implemented in childhood, should be based on understanding of child development
and the cultural needs of the child, and should include social-cognitive skills
training, self-esteem enhancement, and anger management training. Interventions
should also promote positive options for youths, help to develop life and
employment skills, and provide alternatives to violent behaviour. Most
importantly, RRLS noted that intervention strategies should be accompanied by rigorous evaluations. And so, apply
the Ricardian theory
of advantage. After which,
the Tatcherinian theory must be revisited in comparison to the Reaganomic
theory. John Maynard Keynes “increase government expenditure and lower taxes.”
Employment/Unemployment
Underemployment https://www.jstor.org/stable/3486009?seq=1/analyze
The issue of “employment” becomes
a big deal to the society. The reason because
it touches work. It
deals on survival
and “social justice.”
The individual has the claim for “distributive justice” as the ground
work for its claim. Everybody has the right to be born, to be born alive, to
live and to have life to the fullest. Labor is the focal issue for
work. It is the public knowledge that labor is the
amount of physical, mental, and social
effort used to produce goods and services. It supplies
the expertise, manpower
and service needed to turn raw
materials into finished products and services. In return,
laborers receive a wage to buy
the goods and services they don’t produce themselves.
Unemployment is the deprivation on the birthright
for work. The reason for this
because society constituted the
institution. This institution institutionalizes labor for work into employment.
Thus, the conduit task of the civil service commission as independent
institution and the bureau of governance created the Department of Labor and
Employment to facilitate the employment, unemployment and underemployment
issues.
Finally, “social justice” and “equity
right” has come-up the “fitness and merit” for work and employment. Due to the
prevailing issue on “qualification” and the “mismatching” on the career path of
the graduates, unemployment and underemployment issues become the lobbying field
for the politicians.
Employment becomes available to those
“fit and merit” to the position
while unemployment no available position for work. And it
resorted to “unemployment” because there is available work but does not “fit
and merit” to the needed personnel. Thus, the word “overqualified” comes-in.
The mismatching of the “position needed” to the inplaced
personnel.” The demanded
qualification of the position is lower than the
inplaced personnel.
Violence Against women and Children (VAWC – RA No. 9262)
Sexual abuse/Rape https://www.pcw.gov.ph/focus-areas/violence-against-women/rape
Violence is the unlawful
exercise of physical
force. And it can be gleaned also as a behavior involving physical force intended to hurt,
damage, or kill someone or somebody. Victims of this RA No. 9262 is usually
very close if not within the circle on the circumstances to the “perpetrator of
the crime and the offender.” Rape is one of the most prevalent forms of violence
against women (VAWC) in the Philippines.
Reported rape cases ranked third (13.1%) of the total reported VAWC cases in the country. The difficulty
to understand is that this is not the true representation of the problem. Due
to cultural and social stigmatization associated with VAWC victims prefer to
maintain their silence and not report
their ordeal to the authorities. The government with the aid
of NGOs have taken initiatives to set
up crisis centers for VAWC in collaboration with the different sectors of the community to help victims deal with the trauma and encourage them to report VAWC
crime.
Several VAWC related laws have also
legislatively passed to address these concerns but it does not mitigate the criminality. The truth of the matter is the circumstances that surround within
their educational background, cultural
upbringing, social influences and etc. Through
the provision of suitable legal support
and health services, it is hoped that VAWC victims
will be encouraged to come-out
in an open so that true
intervention and justice system being served accordingly.
The other forms of VAWC occurrences
within the women herself is being Informed Women
are empowered in their early womanhood on Early pregnancy https://www.healthline.com/health/ pregnancy/early- symptoms-timeline# symptoms-timeline
Cramping and spotting during early pregnancy
https://www.webmd.com ›baby › how-does-spotting-and-cramping-occur-if...
From week 1 to week 4, everything is still happening on a cellular
level. The fertilized egg creates a
blastocyst (a fluid-filled group of cells) that will develop into the baby’s
organs and body parts. About 10 to 14 days (week 4) after conception, the blastocyst will implant in the endometrium, the lining of
the uterus. This can cause implantation
bleeding, which may be mistaken for a light period.
Here
are some signs of implantation bleeding: (1) Color: The color of each episode may be pink, red, or brown; (2) Bleeding:
Bleeding is usually
compared to your regular menstrual period. Spotting is defined by blood present only when wiping; (3) Pain: Pain may
be mild, moderate, or severe. According to a study of
4,539 women Trusted Source, 28 percent of women associated their
spotting and light bleeding with pain; (4)
Episodes: Implantation bleeding
is likely to last less than three days and doesn’t require treatment; (5) Avoid smoking,
drinking alcohol, or using illicit drugs, which are associated with heavy bleeding.
Female genital mutilation https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/female-genital-cutting
Female Genital Mutilation or Cutting (FGM/C)
means piercing, cutting, removing, or sewing closed all or part of a girl's or woman's external
genitals for no medical reason.
Researchers estimate more than
513,000 girls and women in the U.S. have experienced or are at risk of FGM/C.
Worldwide, as many as 140 million
girls and women
alive today have been cut. FGM/C is often a part of the culture
in countries where it is practiced. But FGM/C has no health
benefits and can cause long-term
health problems. FGM/C is against the law in the U.S.A.
and many other countries around the world.
This practice happened in countries whose
cultural ethnicity tolerated FGM/C as part of the cultural ritual. Therefore,
this individual belief is a personal submission for the reason of his/her
belief.
Verge Eye-view on Rape
Republic Act No. 8353, known as the Anti-Rape Law of 1997, expanded the definition of the crime of rape and re-classified it as a crime against persons. Previously, it was classified as a crime against chastity, and belonged to the group of crimes that include adultery, concubinage, acts of lasciviousness, seduction, corruption of minors and white slave trade. As a crime against persons, the law no longer considers it as a private crime. Anyone who has knowledge of the crime may file a case on the victim's behalf. Prosecution continues even if the victim drops the case or pardons the offender. The reason for that matter because it is a crime committed by the perpetrator against the state and it is penalized. Rape is committed under the following circumstances: A man has sexual intercourse with a woman: (1) Through force, threat or intimidation; (2) When the victim is deprived of reason or is unconscious; (3) Through fraudulent machination or grave abuse of authority; and (4) When the victim is under 12 years of age or is demented, even if none of the above conditions are present. (5) Any person who, under any of the above conditions, commits an act of sexual assault through oral or anal sex or by inserting an instrument or object into the anal or genital orifice of another person.
Anti-Rape Law www.chanrobles.com › republicactno8353; pcw.gov.ph › law › republic- act-8353
In the Philippines, there are two laws enacted that directly address
rape namely: (1) R.A. 8353 -
The Anti-Rape Law of 1997; and (2) R.A. 8505: The Rape Victim Assistance and
Protection Act of 1998; Under R.A.
8353, the penalties for rape perpetrators vary
depending on the act itself and the circumstances surrounding it.
These
are the following: Reclusion Perpetua (imprisonment from 20 to 40 years) is imposed on the offender if rape is committed
through sexual intercourse. Prison
mayor (imprisonment from six to
12 years) is imposed on the offender if rape was committed through oral or
anal sex or through the use of any object or instrument that was inserted
into the mouth or anal orifice of the woman or a man. This may also be elevated
to reclusion temporal (imprisonment
from 12 to 20 years) or reclusion Perpetua depending on the circumstances
surrounding the crime.
Animal abuse
pawsphilippines.weebly.com › animal-welfare-lawshttps: // www. peta. Org / issues / animal – companion –
issues / animal -companion – factsheet/ animal – abuse
– human – abuse – partners - crime/
Acts of cruelty to animals are not mere
indications of a minor personality flaw in the abuser; they are symptomatic of
a deep mental disturbance. Research in psychology and criminology shows that people
who commit acts of cruelty
to animals don’t stop there—many of them move on to their
fellow humans. “Murderers … very often start out by killing
and torturing animals as
kids,” says Robert K. Ressler (2019), who developed profiles of serial
killers for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in association to
animal cruelty.
Studies have shown that violent and aggressive criminals are more likely to have abused animals as children than criminals who are considered non-aggressive. A survey of psychiatric patients who had repeatedly tortured dogs and cats found that all of them had high levels of aggression toward people as well. According to a New South Wales newspaper, a police study in Australia revealed that “100 percent of sexual homicide offenders examined had a history of animal cruelty.” To researchers, a fascination with cruelty to animals is a red flag in the backgrounds of serial killers and rapists. According to the FBI’s Ressler, “These are the kids who never learned it’s wrong to poke out a puppy’s eyes.”
Inferior animals deserve their rights the same to superior animals like human being. They are
entitled the possession of their own existence and that their most basic interests—such as the
need to avoid suffering—should be afforded the same consideration as similar interests
of human beings. They have
the right to be born, to be born alive, to live and to life. And therefore,
they deserve to live happily in the pursuit of happiness and live life to the
fullest.
Environmental Abuse https://www.nap.edu/read/9690
The goals for a transition toward sustainability are to meet human needs
over the next two
generations while reducing hunger and poverty and preserving our environmental
life support systems. The activities to approach this goal can only move ahead
within the constraints set by resources and the environment. The intelligent utilization on the national
economy and patrimony of the nation may of great help in preserving, protecting and developing the wealth of the nation. If not abused this can be used as
an advantage or disadvantage. RRLS have argued that, unless we make dramatic
changes in our human enterprises in the utilization of our resources, the
development needed to meet future human needs risks damaging the life-support
capabilities of the earth—which in turn would of
course prevent society from meeting its goals. The interest of the few (subsidiary) and the many (principal). We therefore ask two related questions: What are the
greatest threats that humanity will encounter as it attempts to navigate the
transition to sustainability? What are the most promising opportunities for
avoiding or circumventing these threats on the path to sustainability?
Our
object is not to predict
what environmental damages
might be caused by development at particular times, places
and circumstances—a largely
futile activity for all but the most specific
and immediate development plans. Rather, it is to highlight some of the most
serious environmental obstacles that might be met in plausible efforts to reach
the goals along the development paths such as those explored to take timely
steps to avoid or circumvent these obstacles. These hazards for particular
times, places and circumstances. The DENR monitor human activities in a number
of crucial developmental sectors might pose important challenges and
opportunities for navigating the transition toward sustainability. E.g. the
utilization of the non-disposal alienable land into alienable. Converting forestal, agricultural, subdivision and even to
the extent converting into industrialize area for the utilization. Finally,
we turn to the question of interactions—how multiple developmental activities may interact
with complex environmental systems to transform nature
to the journey of man.
Throughout our discussion, we not only seek to identify potential obstacles to a successful
transition, but also to highlight
the skills, knowledge, and materials that might be most useful in detecting and understanding the
hazards, and in devising solutions or mid-course corrections to address them.
We conclude, that in any given place there are significant if often
place-specific opportunities for societies to pursue goals of meeting human
needs while sustaining earth's life support
systems. Some of these opportunities are likely to be realized
by individual actors—firms, organizations, and states—in the normal
course of their
self-interested activities. Others, however, will require integrative planning and management approaches in developing the short, medium- and
long-term plan on the utilization of land and the national patrimony of the
nation.
Therefore, through the corporate social
responsibility of the corresponding social actors as the community counterpart
partners of the school they should and must include in their respective VMGs
and “developmental plan” on their future move towards sustainability and development.
Conceptual Issues
One
of the most difficult challenges —is the attempts
to evaluate the pitfalls to sustainable
development—has been determine potential problems cannot be ignored. Perhaps
the easiest approach might be to list as potential concerns for sustainable
development to every resource limitation or environmental response. However, a
“canoe-steering society tries to focus public resources on avoiding every
possible danger in a river at once will likely be looking the wrong way as it collides with the biggest rock.” There are threats
that are likely be avoided.
And devise a system that encourages society to address
the priorities among
all hazards in the light of the new
information and expertise.
Living in a living society hazards have
always spatial and temporal dimensions and interactions. However, connected the
world, global transformations on humans interposes sustainability transition
played different local actors in the midst of globalization. Neither population
growth, climate change, water security and environmental hazards that nations
and communities find most threatening and the response significantly different in different places in the
world and at different times, space and circumstances.
Moreover, some components on the
environmental system issue have impressive resiliency and ability to recover
from human caused or natural stress. Temporal dynamics and variations in the
resiliency of systems confound clear illumination of critical hazards.
Identification of hazards must also confront the difficulty of identifying,
measuring, and predicting cumulative and interactive effects and discontinuous
changes. Many of the activities that humans engage occurs in local scales, but
as these activities are repeated
around the world, their effects accumulate; collectively, local changes can
lead to regional and global changes.
Many of the worst and of the best-known
environmental problems (e.g., stratospheric ozone depletion, anoxia in the Gulf of Mexico) resulted
from the slow, day-by-day accumulation of small changes
and dispersed activities. Such cumulative effects
are only noticed
after they have intensified over time, or when nonlinearities in the response of global or regional systems lead to dramatic and unforeseen events like the “wild fire”
occurrences throughout the globe. Interactions of multiple changes lead to
surprise. Consequences, deemed unlikely are often overlooked, yet rare events
with extreme or large-scale consequences may influence the sustainability of
the global system even more than cumulative effects has been organized and
planned.
Uncertainty, surprise and without
plan is inevitable. Recent environmental surprises have ranged
from the emergence of "new" communicable diseases that threaten WHOs
experts mentioned serious risks. Surprises are likely as the earth system comes under
increasing pressure from human
activities. One difficulty lies in achieving a balance between falsely
declaring certainty to engender
action and the fatalistic resignation that societies can never know enough to know when or how to act. This is where
the role of education mainstreaming the geographic frontier in terms of
education.
In dealing with these difficulties, it has attempted to develop a process for setting priorities and for identifying issues that require top concern. While our analysis builds on numerous national and international "stock-taking" efforts, we ultimately focus our attention on those issues that cut across sectors and that interact to simultaneously threaten human and ecosystem health, urban development, industrial advances, and sustained agricultural production. We conclude that integrative solutions aimed at interacting challenges across many sectors—will be the key to successfully navigating the roadmap of transition to sustainability.
Perceptions of risk change with
circumstances, as pressures increase, information is collected, technology
advances, and surprises occur. The top of environmental challenges that local
places face as they navigate the transition to sustainability will also differ,
because of inherent variations in geographical location, resource bases and biophysical, social, and political
environments. These variations include differences in geochemical and
ecological vulnerability to pollution, social capital formation, and countless
other details. Together, they make unsatisfactory any global-scale exercise to
rank potential hazards. The challenges and opportunities that are relevant
at the global scale yet meaningful locally
is by way of strengthening the culturally and socially
diverse society
We conclude that the most serious
threats are those that (1) affect
the ability of multiple sectors of
almost any society to move ahead toward our normative goals for sustainability;
(2) have cumulative or delayed consequences, with effects felt over a long time;
(3) are irreversible or difficult to change; and/or (4) have a notable
potential to interact with each other to damage earth's support systems. To identify the problems that fit these criteria, we draw on several
The hazards fell into five broad
categories: land and water pollution, air pollution, contaminants of the human environment (e.g., indoor air pollution), resource losses, and
natural disasters. It is apparent that the availability of high-quality freshwater is a priority
concern, human health,
ecosystem, or materials concerns. Also, the more regional to global problems of
stratospheric ozone depletion, climate change, acidification, and tropospheric
ozone production and air pollution
are common and highly ranked issues of concern across
the three areas.
Such an approach provides
the basis for assigning priorities to environmental threats.
Therefore, this paper suggests water and air security. Time will come that water and air will be
no longer free and our right to be
born, alive, live and life be more likely of our concerns.
In support to this, the list on indoor air pollution and contamination,
reveals less likely on frequently.
Rapidly, shifting its focus on the depletion of natural resources and contamination of
the environment to the loss of particular
ecosystems (e.g., forests) especial concern is the “wild fire.” In the
individual assessments, the environmental threats identified as the most
serious are often those most salient to a particular population.
Overall, these analyses suggest
that, for most nations of the world, water and air pollution are the top priority
issues; for most of the more industrialized nations, ozone depletion and climate change
are also ranked high; while for many of the less-industrialized countries,
droughts or floods, disease epidemics, and the availability of local living resources
are crucial. The scored hazards approach reveals
sufficient data exist to make some relative hazard identifications for both
today and the future. It also makes clear that relative hazard rankings—even of
global environmental problems— are strongly dependent on the circumstances of
the region assessed. So, water and air security will be the major issue of concern globally. And lastly,
SOCIAL STUDIES
CONSTRUCT https://www.nap.edu/read/13034/chapter/5
In the social studies construct
domain from the perspective of the social constructionist
CONCLUSIONS
Social Studies Program of studies focuses its
discipline to Geography; History; Culture and
Society; Civics and Government; and Economics while
it encompasses the social
interaction of human and physical geography. Likewise, social studies
help also the young people that develop their ability
to make well-informed and intelligently reasoned
in their decisions for public good as netizens of the world in
a socially and culturally constructed diverse,
democratic society in an inter-dependent world.
The undeniable fact that social studies is the center
of a good school
curriculum because it is where
students learn to see and interpret the
world—its peoples, places, cultures,
systems, and problems; its dreams and calamities—now and long ago.
In social studies lessons, units of study, and planned
program of studies for the students don’t simply experience the world (they
always do anyway, in school and out) but are helped systematically understand, care, think deeply,
critically and reflectively and take the place on the
public stage of power and standing on equal footing with others in “cura personales.”
The goals of social studies
curriculum are social
understanding on the interaction they do. The manner
people think, feel, behave and act with civic efficacy. Social understanding is
“knowledge-based” on human beings’ in
the social forces and the worlds. This “knowledge-
based” is drawn from the social sciences which fathered by Wilhelm Wundt and historically fathered by Herodotus
not later than in 1916 it became
slimmer and focusing
on history. However, the humanities along with students’ lives and society’s needs are
intertwined on their respective
account made by Auguste Comte in 1838
focusing on sociology and later became the father of this science. Not later,
he became known as the father on social
physics which was consolidated
by the famous Belgian Statistician Adolphe
Quetelet.
While it is true that social studies have its broadest
“discipline” which encompass on “Civic efficacy” on the “readiness and
willingness” to “assume citizenship responsibilities.” However, its purpose is
to examine these goals and various scope-and-sequence plans for achieving them.
It is the belief that social studies use the “10 themes” from the International Standard Operation (ISO) of the National
Council in Social
Studies (NCSS) curriculum standards to elaborate the scope of the social studies
curriculum whose emphases for any point in the sequence: (1) culture; (2) time, continuity and
change; (3) people, places and environments; (4) individuals development and
identity; (5) individual,
groups and institution; (6) power, authority and governance; (7) production, distribution and
consumption; (8) science,
technology and society; (9) global
connection; and (10) civic
ideals and practices.
Thus, these themes represent
strands that should thread through a social studies
program, from grades pre-K through 12, as appropriate at each level.
While at some grades and for some courses, specific themes
will be more dominant than others, all the themes
are highly interrelated. To understand culture
(Theme 1), for example, students also need to understand the theme of time,
continuity, and change (Theme 2); the relationships between people, places, and
environments (Theme 3); and the role of civic ideals and practices (Theme 10).
To understand power, authority, and governance (Theme 6), students need to
understand different cultures (Theme 1); the relationships between people,
places, and environments (Theme 3); and the interconnections among individuals,
groups, and institutions (Theme 5). History is not confined to TIME, CONTINUITY,
AND CHANGE (Theme 2) because
historical knowledge contributes to
the understanding of all the other themes;
similarly, geographic skills
and knowledge can be found in more than (Theme 3) these
enumerated concepts above.
And, it ended that the manuscript with the WIFI
(wireless) and PSYFI (mind reader) trends of the time, space (GPS) and circumstances (multimedia infrastructure) will help shape the beginning years of social studies
career path. Of course, teachers don’t only teach reading, writing, and the
content areas; they teach children
beyond “Hominibus” (Humanity) where “NO
ONE LEFT BEHIND.”
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VAWC Law (RA No. 9263). Violence Against Women and Children.
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